Contrary to its contemporary image, deniable covert operations are not something new. Such activities have been ordered by every president and every administration since the Second World War. In many instances covert operations have relied on surrogates, with American personnel involved only at a distance, insulated by layers of deniability.Shadow Warfare traces the evolution of these covert operations, detailing the tactics and tools used from the Truman era through those of the contemporary Obama Administrations. It also explores the personalities and careers of many of t.

Description based upon print version of record.

Introduction; Chapter 1: From Solution to Illusion; Chapter 2: The Personality of Covert Action; Chapter 3: Evolution of a Covert Warfare Infrastructure; Chapter 4: Armies of Opportunity; Chapter 5: Fighting Communist China . . . Deniably; Chapter 6: Regime Change; Chapter 7: Shadow Warriors; Chapter 9: Face-off In Indochina; Chapter 10: Covert to Overt in Laos; Chapter 11: Against the Castro Regime; Chapter 12: Autonomous and Deniable; Chapter 13: Holding the Line in the Congo; Chapter 14: Unanticipated Consequences; Chapter 15: Congressional Intervention. Chapter 16: Maintaining Anticommunist RegimesChapter 17: Targeted Infrastructure Warfare in the Southern Cone; Chapter 18: Pushing Back; Chapter 19: The Outsiders; Chapter 20: Risky Business; Chapter 21: It Happens; Chapter 22: New Enemies; Chapter 23: New Weapons; Chapter 24: A Turn to "Gray Warfare"; Chapter 25: Other Boots on the Ground; Chapter 26: Merging Covert and Conventional; Chapter 27: The Evolving War on Terror; Epilogue: Benghazi; Endnotes; Index