Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, was a Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist. He gained renown as the designer of the Soviet Union's Third Idea, a codename for Soviet development of thermonuclear weapons. Sakharov was and advocate of civil liberties and civil reforms in the Soviet Union. Hw was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975, The Sakharov Prize which is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, is named in his honor.

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