The Soviet Union's biological warfare program, 1918-1972 -- Beginnings of the "modern" Soviet BW program, 1970-1977 -- The USSR Ministry of Defense facilities and ITS biological warfare program -- The open-air testing of biological weapons by Aralsk-7 on Vozrozhdeniye Island -- Soviet civilian sector defenses against biological warfare and infectious diseases -- Biopreparat's role in the Soviet Biological Warfare program and its survival in Russia -- Biopreparat's State Research Center for Applied Microbiology (SRCAM) -- All-Union Research Institute of Molecular Biology and Scientific-Production Association "Vector" -- Biopreparat facilities at Leningrad, Lyubuchany, and Stepnogorsk -- Soviet biological weapons and doctrines for their use -- Distinguishing between offensive and defensive biological warfare activities -- Assessments of Soviet biological warfare activities by Western intelligence services -- United States covert biological warfare disinformation -- Soviet allegations of the use of biological weapons by the United States -- Sverdlovsk 1979: the release of bacillus anthracis spores from a Soviet Ministry of Defense facility and its consequences -- Soviet research on mycotoxins -- Assistance by Warsaw Pact states to the Soviet Union's biological warfare program -- The question of proliferation from the USSR biological warfare program -- Recalcitrant Russian policies in a parallel area: chemical weapon demilitarization -- The Soviet Union, Russia and biological warfare arms control -- The Gorbachev years: the Soviet biological weapons program, 1985-1992 -- Boris Yeltsin to the present -- United States and international efforts to prevent proliferation of biological weapons expertise from the former Soviet Union.