Includes 2 folded plates.

1. Bloodstain pattern analysis : its function and a historical perspective -- The function of bloodstain pattern analysis -- Historical perspective of bloodstain pattern evidence -- Early scientific references -- Modern works in bloodstain pattern analysis -- Summary -- References -- 2. Bloodstain pattern terminology -- Referring to the discipline -- General terms relating to bloodstain pattern analysis -- Angle of impact -- (Arterial) spurt/gush -- Atomized blood/misting -- Blood into blood patterns -- Blowback effect -- Capillary action -- Cast-off patterns -- Clot -- Contact stain -- Directionality -- Directional angle -- Drip/drip trail -- Expectorate spatter/blood -- Flow -- Fly spot -- Impact site -- Non-spatter stains -- Origin/area of origin -- Parent stain -- Pattern transfer -- Primary stain -- Ricochet stain -- Satellite stain/spatter -- Saturation stain -- Shadowing/ghosting/void -- Skeletonized stain/skeletonization -- Smear -- Spatter stains -- Spines -- Swipe -- Wipe -- Summary -- References. 3. Bloodstain classification -- Classification vs. overall opinion -- Classification vs. definition -- Why a taxonomic classification system? -- A taxonomic classification system for bloodstains -- The spatter family -- Category : spatter -- Category : linear spatter -- Category : spurt -- Category : cast-off -- Category : drip trail -- Category : non-linear spatter -- Category : impact pattern -- Category : expectorate spatter -- Category : drips -- The non-spatter family -- Category : non-spatter -- -- Category : irregular margin -- Category : gush/splash -- Category : blood into blood -- Category : smear -- Category : wipe -- Category : swipe -- Category : regular margin -- Category : pattern transfer -- Category : pool -- Category : saturation -- Category : flow -- Complex patterns -- Bloodstain pattern analysis decision map -- Altered stains and the decision map -- Practical application of taxonomy and decision map -- Applying the decision map with other bloodstain pattern -- Classification systems -- Low, medium, and high velocity -- Spatter, non-spatter -- Passive, spatter, altered -- Passive, transfer, projected/dynamic -- Summary -- References. 4. A methodology for bloodstain pattern analysis -- Scientific method -- A practical methodology for applying scientific method -- Step 1 : become familiar with the entire scene -- Step 2 : identify discrete patterns -- Step 3 : classify the patterns -- Step 4 : evaluate aspects of directionality and motion for the pattern -- Step 5 : evaluate point of convergence and area of origin -- Step 6 : evaluate interrelationships among patterns and other evidence -- Step 7 : evaluate visible source events in an effort to explain the pattern -- Step 8 : define a best explanation given the data -- Applying the methodology in different environments -- Active scenes -- Released scenes -- Cold case scenes -- Summary -- References -- 5. The medium of blood -- Spatter droplet dynamics -- Spatter drop dynamics on impact -- Contact/collapse -- Displacement -- Dispersion -- Retraction -- Liquid-to-liquid impacts -- Blood behavior when exposed to different mechanisms -- Blood dispersed through the air as a function of gravity -- Blood dispersed from a point source -- Blood ejected from an object in motion -- Blood ejected in volume under pressure -- Blood that accumulates and/pr flows on a surface -- Blood deposited through transfer -- Summary -- References. 6. Anatomical considerations in bloodstain pattern analysis / Michael Ferenc -- Introduction -- Blood cells and plasma -- Coagulation and hemostasis -- The circulatory system and shock -- Non-traumatic causes of bleeding -- Traumatic pathology -- Firearm injuries -- Sharp force injuries -- Blunt injuries -- The forensic pathologist as a resource -- The author -- References -- 7. Determining motion and directionality -- General sequence of events -- Droplet directionality -- Recognizing blood trail motion -- Determining motion from wipes and swipes -- Repetitive pattern transfers -- Flows -- Summary -- References -- 8. Determining the point of convergence and the area of origin -- Identify well-formed stains in the pattern -- Identify directionality of the stains -- Identify point of convergence for the pattern -- Identify impact angles for the stains -- Stain measurement -- Combine the information to establish an area of origin -- Graphing points of origin -- Defining area of origin with the tangent function -- Three-dimensional evaluations of area of origin -- Stringing scenes -- Forensic software applications -- How many stains are enough? -- Automation efficiency or precision, an important distinction -- Limitations in area of origin evaluations -- Summary -- References. 9. Evaluating impact spatter bloodstains -- Methods of description -- Understanding the concept of preponderant stain size -- Impact droplet size -- Pattern configuration and dispersion in impacts -- Spatter resulting from gunshots -- Gunshot spatter, forward spatter and back spatter -- Size ranges of gunshot spatter -- Kinetic energy, wound cavitation, and the creation of gunshot spatter -- Double shot impact events -- Gunshot pattern shapes and dispersion -- Expectorate blood -- Fly spots -- Summary -- References -- 10. Understanding and applying characteristic patterns of blood -- Impact pattens -- Cast-off stains -- Projected blood, spurt and gush patterns -- Expectorate patterns -- Drips and drip trails -- Pattern transfers -- Flow patterns -- Pools -- Wipes, swipes, and contact -- Blood into blood -- Altered stains -- Voids -- Clotting -- Drying time of blood -- Dilution -- Summary -- References -- 11. Bloodstained clothing issues -- Applying good clothing documentation procedures -- Overcoming poor collection/documentation procedures -- Distinguishing contact from spatter on fabric -- Directionality and impact angle issues on fabric -- Pattern transfer issues -- Clothing documentation -- Summary -- References. 12. Presumptive testing and enhancement of blood / Charlene Marie -- Presumptive tests -- Benzidines -- Triarylmethanes -- Luminol -- Choosing a reagent -- Genetic testing considerations -- Formulations -- Hemastix -- Hemastix procedure -- Preparing phenolphthalein, leucomalachite green, and o-tolidine -- Phenolphthalein solution -- Leucomalachite green solution -- o-tolidine solution -- Testing procedure using phenolphthalein, leucomalachite green, and the o-tolidine solutions -- Interpretation -- Searching for and enhancing latent blood -- Leucocrystal violet (LCV) preparation -- Alternate LCV reagent preparation method -- Fluorescin spraying solution preparation -- Fluorescin in alcohol preparation -- Fluorescin in water preparation -- Luminol -- Reagent preparation -- Alternate reagent preparation -- Safety considerations -- Procedure for using luminol, LCV, and fluorescin -- Protein stains -- Photo-documentation -- Interpretation -- Confirmation of blood -- Immunoassay confirmation of blood -- Summary -- The author -- References. 13. Documenting bloodstains -- The function of documentation -- Collection -- Bloodstain pattern photography -- Scene and pattern sketches -- Written reports -- A spatter pattern description/conclusion -- A blood pool description/conclusion -- A pattern transfer description/conclusion -- A complex pattern description/conclusion -- Summary -- References -- 14. An introduction to crime scene reconstruction and analysis -- Crime scene analysis and the archeologist's dilemma -- A history of crime scene analysis -- The correlation of crime scene analysis to behavioral analysis -- The application of scientific method in the reconstruction process -- Theory and principles of crime scene analysis -- Locard's principle of exchange -- Nicolas Steno's principle of superposition -- Nicolas Steno's principle of lateral continuity -- Chronology -- A methodology for crime scene analysis, event analysis -- Putting the pieces together -- References. 15. Presenting evidence -- Understanding the nature and content of Daubert or similar challenges -- Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 113 S. Ct. 2786 (1993) -- Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923) -- U.S. Federal Rule 702 -- Responding to Daubert or similar challenges -- What is bloodstain pattern analysis? -- What is the purpose of a bloodstain pattern analysis? -- What principles apply to bloodstain pattern analysis? -- What is the methodology used in bloodstain pattern analysis? -- Where has blood pattern analysis been accepted in judicial settings and within the scientific community? -- What scientific studies have been published in peer review journals? -- Are there professional associations that recognize bloodstain pattern analysis? -- Is there an identified error rate for bloodstain pattern analysis? -- General concerns for testifying -- Maintaining objectivity -- Settling in and establishing a first impression -- Understanding cross-examination -- Using demonstrative aids in court -- Building demonstrative presentations using computer resources -- Bloodstain pattern analysis software applications -- Summary -- References. 16. Experimentation in bloodstain pattern analysis -- Considerations for the design and conduct of experiments in bloodstain -- Pattern analysis -- Identify the investigative question -- Initial observation and information gathering -- Identify variables and form a hypothesis -- Design a functional experiment to test your hypothesis -- Obtain materials and equipment -- Conduct the experiment and record the data -- Analyze and summarize results -- State the best explanation -- Maintaining a reality check, comparing against the crime scene -- Experimental errors -- Pitfalls to experimentation and reconstruction attempts -- Case example 1, "painted fibers" -- Case experiment 2, an odd impact spatter -- Case experiment 3, spatter or no spatter -- Experiments vs. demonstrations -- Summary -- References -- 17. Dealing with the risk of bloodborne pathogens -- Bloodborne diseases -- Crime scene considerations -- Dealing with accidental exposures -- Packaging biohazard evidence -- Exposure risks in training and experimentation -- Other sources of information on managing bloodborne pathogen risks -- Summary -- References -- Appendix A. Weight/measurement conversion table -- Appendix B. Trigonometric functions and their application in bloodstain pattern analysis -- Accuracy, precision, and significant digits -- References -- Index.