Historical context and overview /Mark Wheelis, Lajos Rózsa, -- and Malcolm Dando -- US biological weapons program / John Ellis van Courtland Moon -- UK biological weapons program / Brian Balmer -- Canadian biological weapons program and the tripartite alliance / Donald Avery -- French biological weapons program / Olivier Lepick -- Soviet biological weapons program / John Hart -- Biological weapons in non-Soviet Warsaw pact countries / Lajos Rózsa -- and Kathryn Nixdorff -- Iraqi biological weapons program / Graham S. Pearson -- South African biological weapons program / Chandré Gould -- and Alastair Hay -- Anticrop biological weapons programs / Simon M. Whitby -- Antianimal biological weapons programs / Piers Millet -- Midspectrum incapacitant programs / Malcolm Dando -- and Martin Furmanski -- Allegations of biological weapons use / Martin Furmanski -- and Mark Wheelis -- Terrorist use of biological weapons / Mark Wheelis -- and Masaaki Sugishima -- Politics of biological disarmament / Marie Isabelle Chevrier -- Legal constraints on biological weapons / Nicholas A. Sims -- Analysis and implications / Malcolm Dando ... -- [and others].