1Ending Half-Measures for Countermeasures: The Challenge and Major Recommendations 19 -- Current Context for the Development of Medical Countermeasures 20 -- Problems Hindering the DoD Effort 25 -- Are Medical Countermeasures a Priority? 31 -- Recommendations for Change 35 -- 2 Organizing Research and Development for Medical Countermeasures to Accomplish Essential Functions 44 -- A DoD Agency for Acquisition of Medical Countermeasures for Biological Defense 45 -- Consideration of Alternative Approaches 64 -- 3 Challenges in the Research and Development of Medical Countermeasures Against Biological Warfare Agents 73 -- Engaging Academia and Industry 74 -- Supporting the Regulatory Process 82 -- Overcoming Current and Potential Resource Bottlenecks 89 -- Ensuring the Availability of a Well-Trained Workforce 94 -- A Background: The Current DoD Medical Biowarfare Countermeasures Program 103 -- B Agendas for Information-Gathering Meetings 117.