I. The rise and fall of Apro-Marxism -- II. Communist politics and strategies. The Leninist heritage -- The impact of international communism : International congresses ; Conformity and diversity in Latin American communism -- The popular-front strategy : The role of communists in the Guatemalan revolution ; The Cuban PSP vis-à-vis the July 26 movement ; From the popular front to popular unity in Chile -- III. Latin American Trotskyism. The common denominator : The theory of permanent revolution ; The strategy of permanent revolution -- The divergence in Latin American Trotskyism : Sources of the divergence in Trotsky's works ; Origins of the proletarian tendency ; Development of the national liberation tendency ; Debate over the two lines of the revolution -- Contributions to the Latin American revolution : Dual power in Bolivia ; The Peruvian peasant rebellion under Hugo Blanco ; The Guatemalan guerrillas of MR-13 ; The People's Revolutionary Army in Argentina ; Toward a socialist United States of Latin America? -- IV. The new left: Fidel and OLAS. Characteristics of the new left -- The transformations of Fidelism -- OLAS and its forerunners -- V. Guevarism or the insurrectional foco. Foundations of the insurrectional foco : Theory of the insurrectional foco ; Strategy of the insurrectional foco -- The development of Che's strategy for liberation : The combined struggle against native oligarchies and imperialism ; Toward a Bolivarian or continental war of liberation ; Marighelism, or the adaptation of Che's continental strategy to Brazil ; The Tupamaros: urban guerrilla warfare is decisive -- Insurrectional balance sheet of a decade : The first insurrectional wave: the struggle against Caribbean-type dictatorships ; The second wave: the Andes as the Sierra Maestra of South and Central America ; The third wave: transition to a Bolivarian or continental war of independence ; The fourth wave: urban guerrilla warfare from the southern cone to the Rio Grande -- VI. The first socialist revolution in the Americas. The turn toward socialism -- The parallel construction of socialism and communism -- Toward a communist political revolution.