This monograph is a case study analysis of three recent urban operations. The objective of this research was to update lessons learned about military urban operations and determine the significance of recent changes. The three cases examined-Panama in 1989, Somalia in 1992-1993, and Chechnya in 1994-1996-captured the range of political constraints that military forces must operate under in urban environments.

Includes maps of: Firefight - Mogadishu, October 3-4, 1993; Russian Axes of Advance into Chechnya, 1994.

Introduction -- Case studies -- Cross-case analysis -- Conclusions.