P. 14. P. 38. P. 60. P. 89.

"A technical companion book with Meteorology today by C. Donald Ahrens."

Chapter 1Atmosphere -- 1 -- Meteorological Conventions -- 2 -- [On Doing Science: Descartes and the Scientific Method] -- 3 -- Thermodynamic State -- 4 -- Pressure -- 4 -- [Focus: e-Folding Distance] -- 5 -- Density -- 6 -- Temperature -- 7 -- [Focus: Escape Velocity] -- 8 -- Equation of State -- Ideal Gas Law -- 8 -- Hydrostatic Equilibrium -- 9 -- [Beyond Algebra: Physical Interpretation of Equations] -- 10 -- Hypsometric Equation -- 10 -- [Beyond Algebra: Hypsometric Eq.] -- 11 -- Atmospheric Structure -- 12 -- Standard Atmosphere -- 12 -- Layers of the Atmosphere -- 13 -- Chapter 2 Radiation -- 23 -- Orbital Factors -- 23 -- Planetary Orbits -- 23 -- [Focus: Satellite Orbits] -- 24 -- Orbit of the Earth -- 25 -- Seasonal Effects -- 26 -- Daily Effects -- 26 -- Sunrise, Sunset & Twilight -- 27 -- Flux -- 28 -- Radiation Principles -- 29 -- Propagation -- 29 -- Emission -- 30 -- [On Doing Science: Scientific Laws -- The Myth] -- 31 -- [On Doing Science: Seek Solutions] -- 32 -- [Beyond Algebra: Incremental Changes] -- 32 -- Distribution -- 32 -- Average Daily Insolation -- 34 -- Absorption, Reflection & Transmission -- 35 -- Beer's Law -- 36 -- Surface Radiation Budget -- 36 -- Solar -- 37 -- Longwave (IR) -- 37 -- Net Radiation -- 37 -- Chapter 3 Heat -- 43 -- Sensible and Latent Heats -- 43 -- Sensible -- 43 -- Latent -- 44 -- Lagrangian Heat Budget -- Part 1: Unsaturated -- 45 -- First Law of Thermodynamics -- 45 -- Lapse Rate -- 46 -- Adiabatic Lapse Rate -- 46 -- [Beyond Algebra: Adiabatic Lapse Rate] -- 47 -- Potential Temperature -- 47 -- Thermodynamic Diagrams -- Part 1: Dry Adiabatic Processes -- 48 -- [Focus: Spreadsheet Thermodynamics] -- 48 -- Eulerian Heat Budget -- 49 -- First Law of Thermodynamics -- Revisited -- 49 -- Advection -- 50 -- Conduction & Surface Fluxes -- 51 -- Turbulence -- 53 -- Radiation -- 55 -- Internal Source -- Latent Heat -- 55 -- Net Heat Budget -- 56 -- Surface Heat Budget -- 56 -- Heat Budget -- 57 -- Bowen Ratio -- 57 -- Apparent Temperatures -- 59 -- Wind Chill -- 59 -- Heat Index -- 60 -- Chapter 4 Boundary Layers -- 65 -- Static Stability--A Preview -- 65 -- Rules of Thumb for Stability in the ABL -- 66 -- Boundary-Layer Formation -- 67 -- Tropospheric Constraints -- 67 -- [Focus: Engineering Boundary Layers] -- 67 -- Synoptic Forcings -- 68 -- ABL Structure and Evolution -- 69 -- Temperature -- 70 -- Cumulative Heating or Cooling -- 70 -- Nighttime -- 70 -- Daytime -- 71 -- [Beyond Algebra: Cumulative Heating] -- 71 -- Temperature-Profile Evolution -- 71 -- Idealized Evolution -- 71 -- Seasonal Differences -- 72 -- Stable-Boundary-Layer Temperature -- 73 -- Mixed-Layer Temperature, Entrainment -- 74 -- Wind -- 76 -- Wind Profile Evolution -- 76 -- Drag, Stress, Friction Velocity, Roughness Length -- 77 -- Log Profile in the Neutral Surface Layer -- 79 -- Log-Linear Profile in the Stable Surface Layer -- 80 -- Profile in the Convective Radix Layer -- 81 -- Turbulence -- 82 -- Mean and Turbulent Parts -- 82 -- Variance and Standard Deviation -- 83 -- Isotropy -- 84 -- Turbulence Kinetic Energy -- 84 -- [Science Graffito] -- 85 -- Free and Forced Convection -- 86 -- Turbulent Fluxes and Covariances -- 87 -- Chapter 5 Moisture -- 95 -- Saturation Vapor Pressure -- 95 -- Vapor Pressure -- 95 -- Saturation -- 95 -- [Beyond Algebra: Clausius-Clapeyron Eq.] -- 97 -- [Focus: Boiling] -- 98 -- Humidity Variables -- 99 -- Mixing Ratio -- 99 -- Specific Humidity -- 99 -- Absolute Humidity -- 99 -- Relative Humidity -- 99 -- Dew Point Temperature -- 100 -- Saturation Level or Lifting Condensation Level (LCL) -- 101 -- Wet-Bulb Temperature -- 101 -- More Relationships Between Moisture Variables -- 102 -- [Focus: Why so Many Moisture Variables?] -- 102 -- Total Water Mixing Ratio -- 103 -- Lagrangian Water Budget -- 103 -- Water Conservation -- 103 -- Thermo Diagrams -- Part 2: Isohumes -- 104 -- Eulerian Water Budget -- 105 -- Horizontal Advection -- 105 -- Precipitation -- 105 -- Surface Moisture Flux -- 106 -- Turbulent Transport -- 107 -- [On Doing Science: Look for Patterns] -- 108 -- Lagrangian Heatc Budget--Part 2: Saturated -- 109 -- Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate -- 109 -- Thermo Diagrams -- Part 3: Saturated Adiabats -- 110 -- [Focus: Spreadsheet Thermodynamics 2] -- 111 -- Liquid-Water and Equivalent Potential Temps -- 111 -- [Science Graffito] -- 117 -- Synthesis Questions -- 118 -- Chapter 6 Stability -- 119 -- [Science Graffito] -- 119 -- Thermodynamic Diagrams -- Part 4: Applications -- 120 -- [Full Thermo Diagram: T vs. log P] -- 121 -- [Full Thermo Diagram: [Theta] vs. z] -- 122 -- State -- 123 -- Dry (Unsaturated) Processes -- 124 -- Moist (Saturated) Processes & Liquid Water -- 124 -- Precipitation -- 125 -- Radiative Heating/Cooling -- 126 -- Parcels vs. Environment -- 128 -- Buoyancy -- 128 -- Static Stability -- 130 -- Unstable -- 130 -- Neutral -- 131 -- Stable -- 131 -- Thermo Diagrams for Boundary Layers -- 132 -- Mixed-Layer Depth Determination -- 132 -- [Boundary Layer Thermo Diagram: T vs. log P] -- 133 -- [Boundary Layer Thermo Diagram: [Theta] vs. z] -- 134 -- Brunt-Vaisala Frequency -- 135 -- [Beyond Algebra: Brunt-Vaisala Frequency] -- 136 -- Dynamic Stability -- 136 -- Richardson Number -- 136 -- [Focus: LeChatelier's Principle] -- 137 -- Turbulence Determination -- 137 -- Chapter 7 Cloud Formation -- 143 -- Cloud Development -- 143 -- Active -- Cumuliform -- 143 -- Passive -- Stratiform -- 144 -- Stratocumulus -- 145 -- Cloud Sizes -- 145 -- Fractal Cloud Shapes -- 146 -- Fractal Dimension -- 146 -- Measuring Fractal Dimension -- 147 -- Processes Causing Saturation -- 147 -- Cooling and Moisturizing -- 147 -- Mixing -- 148 -- Clouds and Upslope Fog -- 149 -- Other Fogs -- 149 -- Processes -- 149 -- Advection Fog -- 150 -- [Beyond Algebra: Advection Fog] -- 150 -- Radiation Fog -- 151 -- Dissipation of Well-Mixed (Advection & Radiation) Fogs -- 153 -- [On Doing Science: Cargo Cult Science] -- 158 -- Chapter 8 Precipitation -- 159 -- [Focus: Meteors and Meteorology] -- 160 -- Nucleation of Liquid Droplets -- 160 -- Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) -- 160 -- Curvature and Solute Effects -- 160 -- Critical Radius -- 162 -- [Beyond Algebra: Critical Radius] -- 163 -- Haze -- 163 -- Activated Nuclei -- 164 -- Nucleation of Ice Crystals -- 164 -- Processes -- 164 -- Nuclei -- 165 -- Droplet Growth by Diffusion -- 165 -- Max Droplet Radius via Diffusion -- 165 -- Growth Rate -- 166 -- Ice Growth by Diffusion -- 167 -- Ice Crystal Habits -- 167 -- Growth Rates -- 168 -- Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen (WBF) Process -- 168 -- Collision and Collection -- 169 -- Terminal Velocity of Droplets -- 169 -- Cloud Droplets -- 169 -- Rain Drops -- 170 -- Processes -- 170 -- Droplet Size Distributions -- 170 -- Precipitable Water -- 171 -- Rainfall Rate Estimated by Radar -- 172 -- [On Doing Science: Consequences] -- 178 -- Chapter 9 Dynamics -- 179 -- Newton's Second Law of Motion -- 180 -- Lagrangian Momentum Budget -- 180 -- [On Doing Science: Be Creative] -- 180 -- [Focus: In Newton's Own Words] -- 181 -- Eulerian Momentum Budget -- 181 -- Forces -- 182 -- Advection -- 182 -- Pressure Gradient Force -- 182 -- Centrifugal Force -- 183 -- Coriolis Force -- 184 -- [Focus: Coriolis Force] -- 184 -- Turbulent Drag Force -- 186 -- Full Equations of Motion -- 186 -- Height Contours on Isobaric Surfaces -- 187 -- Winds -- 188 -- Geostrophic Wind -- 188 -- Gradient Wind -- 189 -- Boundary-Layer Wind -- 192 -- Boundary-Layer Gradient (BLG) Wind -- 193 -- Cyclostrophic Wind -- 195 -- Full Equations of Motion -- Revisited -- 195 -- Mass Conservation -- 196 -- Continuity Equation -- 196 -- Incompressible Continuity Equation -- 196 -- Boundary-Layer Pumping -- 197 -- Chapter 10 Local Winds -- 205 -- Scales of Motion -- 205 -- Wind-Speed Probability -- 206 -- Wind Turbines and Power Generation -- 207 -- Vertical Equation of Motion -- 207 -- Thermally Driven Circulations -- 208 -- Thermals -- 208 -- Anabatic Wind -- 209 -- Katabatic Wind -- 209 -- Streamlines, Streaklines, and Trajectories -- 210 -- Bernoulli's Equation -- 211 -- Dynamic vs. Static Pressure -- 212 -- Venturi Effect and Gap Winds -- 212 -- Downslope Winds -- Bora and Foehn -- 213 --f Hydraulic Jump -- 214 -- [On Doing Science: Simple is Best] -- 214 -- Mountain Waves -- 215 -- Natural Wavelength -- 215 -- Lenticular Clouds -- 215 -- Froude Number -- 216 -- Mountain-Wave Drag -- 217 -- Foehns (again) and Chinooks -- 217 -- Chapter 11 Global Circulation -- 223 -- Nomenclature -- 224 -- Differential Heating -- 224 -- Meridional Temperature Gradient -- 224 -- [Beyond Algebra: Temperature Gradient] -- 225 -- Radiative Forcings -- 226 -- [On Doing Science: Toy Models] -- 227 -- Heat Transport Needed -- 227 -- Thermal Wind Relationship -- 228 -- Thickness -- 228 -- Thermal Wind -- 229 -- Jet Stream -- 230 -- Baroclinicity -- 230 -- Angular Momentum -- 232 -- Vorticity -- 233 -- Relative Vorticity -- 234 -- [Focus: Solid-Body Relative Vorticity] -- 234 -- Absolute Vorticity -- 234 -- Potential Vorticity -- 234 -- Isentropic Potential Vorticity -- 235 -- Midlatitude Troughs and Ridges -- 235 -- [Beyond Algebra: Vorticity of a Wave] -- 236 -- Barotropic Instability & Rossby Waves -- 236 -- [Beyond Algebra: The Beta Plane] -- 237 -- Baroclinic Instability & Planetary Waves -- 238 -- Qualitative Model -- 239 -- Quantitative Approach -- 239 -- [Focus: Rossby Radius of Deformation and Geostrophic Adjustment -- Part 1] -- 240 -- Heat Transport -- 242 -- Momentum Transport -- 242 -- Three-Band General Circulation -- 243 -- Ekman Spiral in the Ocean -- 244 -- Chapter 12 Air Masses & Fronts -- 251 -- Anticyclones or Highs -- 251 -- Characteristics -- 251 -- Vertical Structure -- 252 -- Air Masses -- 252 -- Creation -- 253 -- Warm Air Masses -- 253 -- Cold Air Masses -- 254 -- Modification -- 255 -- [Science Graffito] -- 256 -- Synoptic Weather Maps -- 257 -- Weather Observations -- 257 -- Map Analysis, Plotting & Isoplething -- 260 -- Surface Fronts -- 261 -- [Focus: The Bergen School of Meteorology] -- 261 -- Horizontal Structure -- 261 -- Warm Fronts -- 261 -- Cold Fronts -- 261 -- Vertical Structure -- 262 -- Geostrophic Adjustment -- Part 2 -- 265 -- [Beyond Algebra: Geostrophic Adjustment] -- 266.