2.1RBMK-1000 Engineering Specifications and the Accident 5 -- 2.2 Events Preceding the Accident 9 -- 2.4 Root Causes of the Accident 15 -- 2.5 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Release 17 -- 3. Shelter 35 -- 3.1 Purpose and General Description of the Shelter 35 -- 3.2 Status of Shelter Structural Members 47 -- 3.3 Fissile and Radioactive Materials in the Shelter and at the Shelter Site 52 -- 3.4 Nuclear Safety Assessment of the Shelter 63 -- 3.5 Evaluation of the Risk of Radiological Consequences from a Potential Shelter Collapse 73 -- 4. Radioactive Waste 85 -- 4.1 Description of Radioactive Waste Storage and Disposal Sites 85 -- 4.2 Radionuclide Migration from Interim Storage and Disposal Sites 94 -- 5. Environmental Contamination 97 -- 5.1 Soil Contamination in Exclusion Zone 97 -- 5.2 Soil Contamination Outside the Exclusion Zone 112 -- 5.3 Surface Water Contamination 118 -- 5.4 Radioactive Contamination of Groundwater 141 -- 5.5 Characteristics and Mobility of Radionuclides 155 -- 5.6 Contamination in Agricultural Products 171 -- 6. Individuals 181 -- 6.1 Doses Received by Accident Remediation Personnel 181 -- 6.2 Dose Received by the Public 183 -- 6.3 Doses Due to Nonaccident-Related Radiation Sources 198 -- 6.4 Risks from Accident-Related Exposure and Nonaccident-Related Sources 202 -- 6.5 Comparison of Radiation Risk Against Other Nonradiation-Related Sources 204 -- 7. Society 205 -- 7.1 Origin of Social Risks in the Post-Chornobyl Environment 205 -- 7.2 Social Satisfaction Index of the Victim Population 206 -- 8. Economy 209 -- 8.1 Assessment of Direct Loss 211 -- 8.2 Estimate of Direct Costs 214 -- 8.3 Analysis of Indirect Losses 218 -- 8.4 Assessment of Total Economic Loss due to the Accident 220 -- 9.1 Human Health and Environmental Risks 223 -- 9.2 Public Perception of the Accident Effects and Economic Loss 227 -- 9.3 Reexamination of Attitudes Toward Safety of Nuclear Power Operations 228 -- Appendix A. Review of Radiation, Radioactivity, and Radiation Protection 245 -- Appendix B. Medical Consequences of the Chornobyl Accident and Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment 253.