Part one : Defining and Explaining Delinquency : 1. Definitions, Scope, and trends in Juvenile Delinquency : Defining Delinquency. Societal Reaction to Youthful Misbehavior. Delinquent and Status Offenses. Scope of Juvenile Delinquency : Officially Recorded Delinquency; Self-Reported Delinquency Studies; Victimization Surveys. Trends in Delinquent Behavior : Total Arrest Trends; Drug and Alcohol Use; Delinquency in Suburban and Rural Areas; Female Delinquency; Minority-Group Crime; Crimes of Violence by Juveniles. 2. Historical Perspectives on Delinquency Causation : The Theory-Development Process. Theories of Delinquency and Criminality : The Classical School; Neoclassical Thought; The Biological School; Heredity-Based Theories; Current Biological Explanations of Delinquency. 3. Psychological theories of Delinquency Causation : Psychoanalytic Theories. Moral Development and Delinquency : Moral-Development Theories; The I-Level System. Personality-Trait Explanations of Delinquency : Early Personality-Trait Theorists; The Quay Classification System; Personality Measurement as a Method of Ascertaining Behavior Disorders; The Criminal Personality; The Psychopathic Personality. Mental Illness and Delinquency. 4. Sociological Perspectives on Delinquency Causation : Environmental and Cultural Influences on Delinquency. Anomie and Delinquency. Poverty and Delinquency. Learning Theory and Delinquency. The Influence of Television Violence on Aggressive Delinquent Behavior. Social-Psychological Explanations of Delinquency : The Gluecks' Multiple-Factor Approach; Containment Theory; Self-Concept; Lack-of-Power Theories of Delinquency; Labeling Theory. Part two : Delinquency and the Social Environment : 5. Controlling Children : the changing role of children in American society : Children in the Middle Ages. The Renaissance and the Emergence of Interest in Children. Childhood in Colonial America. Childhood during the Period of Industrialization and Immigration : Houses of Refuge; Compulsory Education. Origins of the Juvenile Court : The Child Savers; Creation of the First Juvenile Court. Juvenile Court Philosophy : Focus on Treatment; The Kent, Cault, Winship, and McKeiver Decisions; The Juvenile Court Today. 6. Gang Delinquency and Violence : The History of Gang Development. Gang Behavior in the 1970s. Gang Behavior in the 1980s : Chicago Gangs of the 1980s; Distinctive Characteristics of Gang Behavior in the 1980s. Theories of Gang Formation : Thrasher's Theory of Gang Development; Research of the Chicago School; Lower-Class Culture; Delinquency and Opportunity; The Violent Gang. Structure of the Gang. Variations in Gang Behavior : The Circle-A Study of a Middle-Class Gang; Small-Town Gangs; Female Gangs; Middle-Class Gangs in Suburbia. Efforts at Gang-Activity Control : The Isolation and Destruction Approach; Gang Control and Prosecution Units. 7. Family Functioning and Delinquency : The Contemporary Family as a Socialization Agency : The influence of the Family on Delinquent Behavior : Delinquency and Disrupted Family Structure; Delinquency and Parental Rejection; Relationship of Consistent and Adequate Discipline to Delinquency. Values and Delinquency. 8. Female Delinquency : The Case of Susan Fryberg. The Extent of Female Delinquency : Official Statistics; Self-Reported Delinquency. The Nature of Female Delinquency. Causes of Female Delinquency : The Unique Characteristics of the Adolescent Girl; The Double Standard in American Sexual Definitions; Convergence of Male and Female Roles; Influence of the Family; Sex-Related Offenses by Females. Juvenile Justice System Handling of Delinquent Girls : Differential Treatment of Males and Females; Programs Designed for the Unique Problems of Delinquent Girls. 9. The School and Delinquency : The School as a Delinquency-Producing Institution : Schools' Failure in Socialization; Students' Failure in Academic Endeavors. The Relation of Dropping Out to Delinquency. School Vandalism. The Relation of School Involvement to Drug and Alcohol Use. Defining the Appropriate Role of the Schools in Delinquency Prevention. 10. Endangered Children : What Are Child Abuse and Neglect? Mandatory vs. Permissive Reporting of Child Abuse. Extent and Nature of Child Abuse and Neglect. Sexual Exploitation and Abuse of Children : The Incidence of Sexual Abuse of Children; Characteristics of Sexual Abuse of Children. Who Are the Abused and Neglected Children? Who Are the Abusers? What Happens to Abused and Neglected Children? : Role of the Juvenile Court; What Can Be Done? The Tragedies Continue. Part three : Delinquency and the juvenile justice Process : 11. Key issues in the Juvenile Justice Process : The Status Offender Dilemma : Categorization of Status Offenders; History of the Treatment of Status Offenders by the Juvenile Court; Runaway Behavior - Should the Juvenile Court Intervene? ; Proposed Changes in the Handling of Status Offenders. Handling Serious Delinquent Offenders : Scope of the Problem; Theories of Juvenile Violence; Gangs and Violence; Court Action against Habitual and Violent Juvenile Offenders; Methods of Working with Habitual Violent Offenders. 12. The Police role in Delinquency Prevention and Control : The Nature of Police Work with Juveniles. Police Discretion in Dealing with Juveniles. The Decision to Take a Juvenile into Custody : Interrogation Procedures; Identification Procedures; Fingerprinting and Photographing Juveniles. Investigating Offenses against Children. The Police Juvenile Unit. Youth Gang Units. Police Role in Delinquency Prevention : The Police Athletic league; Community Policing; Police Involvement with the Schools; Debate over the Appropriate Role of the Police in Delinquency Prevention. 13. Juvenile Court Process and Issues : Sources of Juvenile Court Referrals. The Juvenile Court Process : The Petition; Temporary Detention; Functions of the intake Department; Diversion at the Court level; Juvenile Court Hearings; Adjudication and Disposition. 14. Probation and Community-based programs : Historical Development of Probation. Definition of Probation. The Probation Process : Initial Interview; Probation Activities; Role of the Probation Officer; Intensive Probation. Does Probation Work? Alternative Community-Based Supervision : The Provo Experiment; Kentfields; The California Youth Authority's Community Treatment Project; Home-Detention Programs; Project New Pride; Restitution and Community Service; Services for Multiproblem Youths; Community Residential Treatment. 15. Secure facilities for Juveniles : History of Juvenile Institutions in America. The Organization of Juvenile Detention and Correctional Facilities : Short-Term Incarceration Facilities; Long-Term Incarceration Facilities. The Juvenile's Response to institutional Life : Violence in Institutions; Victims of Institutional Violence; Adaptation to Institutional Life; Institutional Effectiveness; Normalization; Deinstitutionalization. 16. Aftercare and Nonsecure Residential Placement : The Juvenile Aftercare Decision. The Aftercare Process : Preparation for Release; The Aftercare Treatment Plan; General and Special Rules of Aftercare; Discharge from Aftercare. Aftercare Revocation : The Revocation Process; Youths' Rights at a Revocation Hearing. Aftercare Effectiveness. Aftercare and Residential Treatment : History of the Halfway-House Movement; Highfields; Halfway-House Organization. Part four : Preventing, Treating, and Controlling Delinquency : 17. Treating the Juvenile Offender : Definitions of Treatment. The Application of Management Principles to the Treatment of Juveniles : Management by Objectives; The Decision to Use Individual or Group Treatment. The Role of Treatment Personnel in the Helping Process. Specific Treatment Techniques : Psychotherapy; Reality Therapy; Crisis Intervention; Assertiveness Training; Behavior Modification; Milieu Therapy; Group Work; Guided Group Interaction and Positive Peer Culture; Family Counseling; Transactional Analysis. 18. Delinquency Prevention and Control : Delinquency-Prevention Programs : The Mobilization for Youth Program; Other Delinquency-Prevention Programs; Delinquency-Prevention Programs Today. The Role of Volunteers in Delinquency Prevention. The Role of the School in Delinquency Prevention : Dropout Prevention Programs; Socialization in the Schools. Delinquency Control : Juvenile Code Revision and Juvenile Court Administration; Possible Changes in the Jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court; Privatization in Juvenile Corrections; The Rights of Juveniles.