Part IContent and Effects of Campaigns -- 1 Do Campaigns Matter? 3 -- 2 Morning After: Do Politicians Keep Their Promises? 19 -- 3 Who's to Blame? Is the Perception Gap in the Campaigns, Media Coverage, or Both? 37 -- 4 What Is Happening Now? The Quality of Campaign Discourse 49 -- 5 What Should We Really Expect? How They Talk to Us 55 -- 6 Do the Quotes of Scholars Add Anything Different to the News? 70 -- 7 Are Voters Smarter Than Pundits, the Press, and Scholars About Attack in Politics? 73 -- 8 Was Voter Turnout in 1996 the Lowest Since 1924? 80 -- 9 Gender Gap in Political Knowledge: Are Women Less Knowledgeable Than Men About Politics? 83 -- Part II Candidate Advertising -- 10 Does Political Advertising Affect Turnout? If So, How, When, and for Whom? 93 -- 11 Are Attack Ads Necessarily Negative? 97 -- 12 Does Attack Advertising Affect Turnout? 107 -- 13 Does Attack Advertising Create a Backlash? Mobilize the Other Side? Depress or Increase Support by Those of the Same Party? 111 -- 14 Who Attacked More in Ads in 1996, Clinton or Dole? 115 -- 15 Do Adwatches Backfire? 121 -- Part III Issue-Advocacy Advertising -- 16 Do Issue Ads Work? If So, When? 125 -- Part IV Influence of News -- 17 Test Ban Treaty and the 2000 Campaign 143 -- 18 Does Local Television News Inform As Well As Local Newspapers? 149 -- 19 Do Newspaper Endorsements Matter? Do Politicians Speak for Themselves in Newspapers and on Television? 155 -- 20 Why Winning a Presidential General-Election Debate Has Little to Do with Performance 161 -- 21 Is There Anything New to Learn in Debates? Do Voters Learn from Them? 163 -- 22 Has the Average Length of a Candidate's Statement in News Dropped Since 1968? 166 -- 23 Does Local Television News Shape Our Views of Those of Other Races? A Case Study in Perception and Accuracy in News Media and Their Audience 169 -- 24 Is the Press Biased? Was the New York Times Biased Against Dole in 1996? Is Press Coverage Conservative or Liberal? 187 -- 25 Who Sets the Print Media Agenda? A Case Study Focusing on the New York Times 197 -- 26 Does the Winning Candidate's Agenda Match the Electorate's More Closely Than the Losing Candidate's? 203 -- 27 How Does Reporting of Poll Results Affect Campaign Coverage? 206.