National intelligence cultures are shaped by their country's history and environment. Featuring thirty-two countries (such as Albania, Belgium, Croatia, Norway, Latvia, Montenegro), this work provides insight into a number or rarely discussed national intelligence agencies to allow for comparative study, offering hard to find information into one volume. In their chapters, the contributors, who are all experts from the countries discussed, address the intelligence community rather than focus on a single agency. They examine the environment in which an organization operates, its actors, and cultural and ideological climate, to cover both the external and internal factors that influence a nation's intelligence community. The result is an exhaustive, unique survey of European intelligence communities rarely discussed. -- Back cover.

Introduction /Bob de Graaff and James M. Nyce -- Albania: change and continuity / Arjan Dyrmishi -- Austria: an intelligence hub coming out of the shadows / Siegfried Beer -- Belgium: a modern legal and policy framework for intelligence services with a long tradition / Dirk Van Daele -- Bosnia and Herzegovina: historical development of the intelligence and security system / Maid Pajević -- Bulgaria: a centenary unknown history / Jordan Baev -- Croatia: construction and deconstruction of the Croatian intelligence community (1990-2014) / Gordan Akrap and Miroslav Tud̄man -- Czechoslovakia: the Czech path between totalitarianism and democracy / Prokop Tomek -- Denmark: from state security to security state: the invention of preventive security / Lars Erslev Andersen -- Estonia: intelligence and security in the Twentieth Century / Eero Medijainen -- Finland: the intelligence services in a cultural and historical context / Juho Kotalkallio -- France: the intelligence services' historical and cultural context / Eric Denécé -- Germany: an intelligence community with a fraught history / Wolfgang Krieger -- Greece: the need for modernization in an unstable environment / John Nomikos -- Iceland: a small state learning the intelligence ropes / Jakob Thor Kristjánsson -- Ireland: Plus Ca Change, 1945-2015 / Eunan O'Halpin -- Italy: from Secret Services to intelligence / Marco Lombardi and Laris Gaiser -- Lithuania: the challenge of merging the present and the past / Vaidotas Urbelis -- Luxembourg: a country which did not need an intelligence service? / Gérald Arboit -- Montenegro: trends and patterns in the intelligence sector / Dražen Cerović, Nenad Koprivica, and Danijela Vujošević -- The Netherlands: almost full circle / Bob de Graaff -- Norway: peaceful state, crucial geography, upheaval, and reform / Njord Wegge -- Poland: the Special Services since the independence / Artur Gruszczak -- Portugal: particulars of the Portuguese Intelligence Services / Teresa Rodrigues and José Duarte de Jesus -- Romania: an introduction to its intelligence services / Larry L. Watts -- Serbia: an awkward legacy / Predrag Petrovic -- Slovakia: state security and intelligence since 1945 / Matej Medvecký and Jerguš Sivoš -- Slovenia: the intelligence system, its development, and some key challenges / Iztok Prezelj -- Spain: intelligence in context today / Antonio M. Diaz-Fernández -- Sweden: a delicate liaison / Wilhelm Agrell and Gunilla Erickson -- Switzerland: intelligence in the new security paradigm / Jacques Baud -- Ukraine: KGB to Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) -- The United Kingdom: organization and oversight after Snowden / Peter Gill.