Introduction / Glenn Fulcher and Fred Davidson -- Conception of validity / Carol A. Chapelle -- Articulating a validity argument / Michael Kane -- Validity issues in designing accomodations for English language learners / Jamal Abedi -- Classroom assessment / Carolyn E. Turner -- Washback / Dianne Wall -- Assessing young learners / Angela Hasselgreen -- Dynamic assessment / Marta Antón -- Diagnostic assessment in language classrooms / Eunice Eunhee Jang -- Designing language tests for specific social uses / Carol Lynn Moder and Gene B. Halleck -- Language assessment for communication disorders / John W. Oller, Jr. -- Language assessment for immigration and citizenship / Antony John Kunnan -- Social dimensions of language testing / Richard F. Young -- Test specifications and criterion referenced assessment / Fred Davidson -- Evidence-centered design in language testing / Robert J. Mislevy and Chengbin Yin -- Claims, evidence, and inference in performance assessment / Steven J. Ross -- Item writing and writers / Dong-il Shin -- Writing integrated items / Lia Plakans -- Test-taking strategies and task design / Andrew D. Cohen -- Prototyping new item types / Susan Nissan and Mary Schedl -- Pre-operational testing / Dorry M. Kenyon and David MacGregor -- Piloting vocabulary tests / John Read -- Classical test theory / James Dean Brown -- Item response theory / Gary J. Ockey -- Reliability and dependability / Neil Jones -- The generalisability of scores from language tests / Rob Schoonen -- Scoring performance tests / Glenn Fulcher -- Quality management in test production and administration / Nick Saville -- Interlocutor and rater learning / Annie Brown -- Technology in language testing / Yasuyo Sawaki -- Validity and the automated scoring of performance tests / Xiaoming Xi -- Essential codes and unexpected consequences / Alan Davies -- Fairness / F. Scott Walters -- Standard-based testing / Thom Hudson -- Language testing and language management / Bernard Spolsky.