Survey of the economic, social, and political origins of modern Spain, tracing her failure to develop internal political stability during the period.

Economic structure of the ancien regime -- Traditional society and its critics -- Crisis ofd the ancien regime, 1801-14 -- Reaction and revolution, 1808-33 -- Liberalism and carlism 1833-40 -- Praetorian parliamentarianism, 1840-56 -- Progress and revolution, 1856-68 -- Revolution, 1868-74 -- Restoration and the disaster, 1874-98 -- Foundations of a modern economy -- Society, 1870-1930 -- Regeneration and disintegrations, 1898-1923 -- Protesters, 1898-1923 -- Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the fall of the monarchy, 1923-31 -- Second Republic, 1931-6 -- Epilogue: the Civil War.