1. Health and behavioral health in the military : Military context ; The active duty military force across the world ; Influences on military productivity and readiness ; Programmatic responses to military productivity and readiness ; Overview of this book -- 2. Methodology : Overview ; Sampling design ; Survey instrumentation and data collection procedures ; Sample size and survey performance rates ; Survey participants and military population characteristics ; Background characteristics ; Substance abuse, health, and mental health ; Activity limitations and productivity loss ; Analytical approach ; Strengths and limitations of the data -- 3. Substance abuse : Trends in substance use and related consequences in the military ; Military and civilian comparisons ; Correlates and predictors of substance use and abuse -- 4. Health behaviors and health status : Trends in overweight, illness, and injury ; Correlates and predictors of healthy behaviors for 2008 -- 5. Stress and mental health : Trends in stress and mental health among military personnel ; Correlates and predictors of mental health problems -- 6. Productivity loss associated with substance use, physical health, and mental health : Trends in productivity loss ; A health and behavioral health model of productivity loss -- 7. Summary and implications of findings : Key findings and implications ; Programmatic approaches to improve ; Further investigations ; Concluding comments.