"Command in war is about forging effective strategies and implementing them, making sure that orders are appropriate, well-communicated, and then obeyed. But it is also an intensely political process. This is largely because how wars are fought depends to a large extent on how their aims are set. It is also because commanders in one realm must possess the ability to work with other command structures, including those of other branches of the armed forces and allies. In Command, Lawrence Freedman explores the importance of political as well as operational considerations in command with a series of eleven vivid case studies, all taken from the period after 1945. Over this period, the risks of nuclear escalation led to a shift away from great power confrontations and towards civil wars, and advances in communication technologies made it easier for higher-level commanders to direct their subordinates. Freedman covers defeats as well as victories. Pakistani generals tried to avoid surrender as they were losing the eastern part of their country to India in 1971. Iraq's Saddam Hussein turned his defeats into triumphant narratives of victory. Osama bin Laden escaped the Americans in Afghanistan in 2001. The UK struggled as a junior partner to the US in Iraq after 2003. We come across insubordinate generals, such as Israel's Arik Sharon, and those in the French army in Algeria, so frustrated with their political leadership that they twice tried to change it. At the other end of the scale, Che Guevara in Congo in 1966 and Igor Girkin in Ukraine in 2014 both tried to spark local wars to suit their grandiose objectives. Freedman ends the book with a meditation on the future of command in a world that is becoming increasingly reliant on technologies like artificial intelligence. A wide-ranging and insightful history of the changing nature of command in the postwar era, this will stand as a definitive account of a foundational concept in both military affairs and politics." -- Amazon.

Supreme commander : Truman and MacArthur --The fury of the legions : the French Army in Indochina and Algeria -- Keeping control : the Cuban Missile Crisis -- The very model of insubordination : Ariel Sharon and Israel's wars -- Civil war : the surrender of East Pakistan -- Orders from on high : responses to North Vietnam's 1972 offensive -- Command in theatre : the Falklands Campaign -- Dictator as supreme commander : Saddam Hussein -- Command in a fragile state : Guevara, Kabila and the Congo -- Command in a faltering state : the Russian invasion of Chechnya -- Too many cooks : Kosovo in 1999 -- From hybrid conflict to all-out war : Russia fights Ukraine -- The war on terror : the battle of Tora Bora -- A tale of two surges : Iraq 2006-7 -- War among the people : fighting the Taliban and Isis -- Past, present and future of command. Command as politics -- Supreme commander : Truman and MacArthur -- The fury of the legions : the French army in Indochina and Algeria -- Keeping control : the Cuban missile crisis -- The very model of insubordination : Ariel Sharon and Israel's wars -- Civil war : the surrender of East Pakistan -- Orders from on high : responses to North Vietnam's 1972 offensive -- Command in theatre : the Falklands campaign -- Dictator as supreme commander : Saddam Hussein -- Command in a fragile state : Guevara, Kabila and the Congo -- Command in a faltering state : the Russian invasion of Chechnya -- Too many cooks : Kosovo in 1999 -- From hybrid conflict to all-out war : Russia fights Ukraine -- The war on terror : the battle of Tora Bora -- A tale of two surges : Iraq 2006-7 -- War among the people : fighting the Taliban and Isis -- Past, present and future of command.