Chapter 1. American study of helping behavior: What? Why? And Where? / Daniel Bar-Tal : 1. Introduction -- 2. Helping behavior: What? : 2.1. Origins of helping behavior ; 2.2. Directions of study of helping behavior -- 3. Helping behavior: Why? : 3.1. Emergence of helping behavior research ; 3.2. Nature of helping behavior research -- 4. Helping behavior: Where? : 4.1 Research derived from a theory ; 4.2 Methods of research ; 4.3. Social context ; 4.4. Interdisciplinary approach ; 4.5. Relevance ; 5. References -- Chapter 2. Notes toward an interactionist-motivational theory of the determinants and development of pro(social) behavior / Ervin Staub : 1. Introduction -- 2. Conceptualizing persons: focus on motivation -- 3. Conceptualizing environments -- 4. Self-concept, other personal characteristics, and the determination of behavior -- 5. Research supporting and testing the theoretical model -- 6. The development of social behavior and personal goals : 6.1. The development of specific goals in children ; 6.2. Prosocial goal orientation -- 7. The effects of existing personality on further development : 7.1 Children shaping their own environment ; 7.2 Socialization, existing personality, and principles of change -- 8. Reference -- Chapter 3. Spatial organization of a cognitive system and intrinsic prosocial motivation / Janusz Reykowski : 1. Introduction -- 2. Initial assumptions -- 3. A model of a cognitive system: multidimensional space -- 4. Representation of social objects in a cognitive system -- 5. Personal involvement as a function of psychological distance -- 6. Whom shall we help? -- 7. Some complications of the theory of psychological distance -- 8. Concluding remarks -- 9. References. Chapter 4. Roots, motives, and patterns in children's prosocial behavior / Marian Radke-Yarrow and Carolyn Zahn-Waxler : 1. Introduction -- 2. Subjects -- 3. Procedures -- 4. Findings : 4.1 Early development ; 4.2. Individuality in development ; 4.3. Rearing influences on prosocial behavior -- 5. Concluding comments -- 6. References -- Chapter 5. Prosocial behavior in the preschool years: Methodological and conceptual issues / Nancy Eisenberg, Ellen Cameron, and Kelly Tryon : 1. Introduction -- 2. The classification of types of prosocial responses : 2.1. The research ; 2.2. Methodological issues -- 3. Spontaneous versus "asked-for" prosocial behaviors -- 4. Implications of the research of spontaneous and "asked-for" behaviors -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. References -- Chapter 6. Parent discipline, moral internalization, and development of prosocial motivation / Martin L. Hoffman : 1. Introduction -- 2. Moral internalization and moral motivation : 2.1. Why is discipline important? ; 2.2. Generalization from research -- 3. An information-processing approach to discipline and moral internalization : 3.1. The child's affective and cognitive responses in discipline encounters ; 3.2. What happens between discipline encounters and moral encounters? ; 3.3. Introduction of the moral dimension in early discipline encounters ; 3.4. Relation to development of empathy -- Chapter 7. Focus of attention and altruism: endocentric and exocentric sources of altruistic behavior / Jerzy Karylowski : 1. Introduction -- 2. Endocentric versus exocentric sources of altruism: the measurement of individual differences -- 3. Childrearing antecedences of endocentric and exocentric altruism -- 4. Endocentric versus exocentric sources of altruism: an experimental approach -- 5. Endocentric versus exocentric motivation and psychological reactance -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. References -- Chapter 8. Regulatory theory of personality and the development of prosocial behaviors / Grazyna Kochanska : 1. Introduction -- 2. The regulatory theory of personality: general model : 2.1. Emotional-drive mechanisms ; 2.2 The self-structure ; 2.3. The values system and the operational system: the twofold nature of the cognitive system -- 3. Motivational role of the personality organizations : 3.1. The emotional-drive mechanisms ; 3.2. The self-structure ; 3.3. The value system ; 3.4. The operational system -- 4. Regulatory theory of personality and the regulation of prosocial behavior : 4.1. Emotional-drive mechanisms and prosocial behaviors ; 4.2. Self-structure and prosocial behaviors ; 4.3. Value systems and prosocial behaviors ; 4.4. Operational systems and prosocial behaviors -- 5. Some general conclusions: The multimotivational nature of prosocial behavior -- 6. References -- Chapter 9. Development of cooperation and help-seeking activities: An action theoretical approach / Louis Oppenheimer and Jan Heller : 1. Introduction : 1.1. Cognition and social behavior ; 1.2. The individual-environment relationship -- 2. The action theoretical approach : 2.1. The plan of action ; 2.2. Help-seeking activities and the action theoretical approach -- 3. Research from an action theoretical perspective : 3.1. Research on components of the plan of action ; 3.2. Methods of goal attainment ; 3.3. Procedure and subjects ; 3.4. Results ; 3.5. Discussion -- 4. General discussion and conclusions -- 5. References -- Chapter 10. The development of capacity for altruism as a function of object relations development and vicissitudes / Ruth Sharabany : 1. Introduction -- 2. Motivation for altruism -- 3. The development of altruism -- 4. Infancy -- 5. Childhood: the crib of friendship : 5.1. Contribution of inner objects ; 5.2. Contribution of new objects -- 6. Adolescence: opposite-sex friend : 6.1. Broadening concept of the other ; 6.2. A model that emphasizes intimacy ; 6.3. A model that emphasizes identity -- 7. Adulthood: individual differences -- 8. Conclusion -- 9. References. Chapter 11. Internalized values as motivators of altruism / Shalom H. Schwartz and Judith A. Howard : 1. Introduction -- 2. The value-based decision-making model : 2.1. Attention ; 2.2. Generation of feelings of obligation ; 2.3. Anticipatory evaluation ; 2.4. Defense ; 2.5. Behavior -- 3. Issues in the study of feelings of moral obligation : 3.1. The relation of personal norms to values ; 3.2. Measuring feelings of moral obligation -- 4. Altruism, moral values, and intrinsic motivation : 4.1. Personal norms as an intrinsic source of motivation ; 4.2. Undermining intrinsic motivation and boomerangs against helping appeals -- 5. Concluding remarks -- 6. References -- Chapter 12. Freedom of choice and moral behavior / Miroslaw Kofta : 1. Theoretical introduction -- 2. Freedom of choice and aggression -- 3. Freedom of choice and response to the request for help -- 5. Concluding remarks -- 6. References -- Chapter 13. The altruistic personality: evidence from laboratory, naturalistic, and self-report perspectives / J. Philippe Rushton -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evidence from controlled laboratory investigations : 2.1 Evidence for consistency ; 2.2 Motivations for altruism ; 2.3 Summary -- 3. Evidence from naturalistic studies of community volunteers : 3.1 Empathy ; 3.2 Internal moral standards ; 3.3 Summary -- 4. Evidence from studies using a self-report measure of altruism : 4.1 The peer rating study ; 4.2 the predicting altruistic responses study ; 4.3 The convergent validity study ; 4.4 Summary -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. References -- Chapter 14. Competence and helping: notes toward a model / Elizabeth Midlarsky : 1. Introduction -- 2. Model of competence and helping -- 3. Supporting evidence : 3.1. Competence as an antecedent of helping ; 3.2. Competence and effective helping ; 3.3 Psychosocial outcomes of helping -- 4. Conclusion -- 5. References -- Chapter 15. Altruism and patterns of social interaction / Hans Werner Bierhoff : 1. Introduction -- 2. Incidental helping -- 3. Asymmetrical contingencies: normative explanations -- 4. Sudden emergencies -- 5. Mutuality of prosocial responses -- 6. Summary and conclusions -- 7. References -- Chapter 16. The helpfulness of urban villagers / Charles Korte : 1. Introduction -- 2. Helpfulness in Turkish urban villages -- 3. Conclusions -- 4. References. Chapter 17. Help seeking and social interaction: person, situation, and process considerations / Bella M. DePaulo, Vicki Leiphart, and W.R. Dull : 1. Introduction -- 2. Study 1: The reluctance to impose -- 3. Study 2: The sounds of shyness -- 4. Study 3: Verbal and nonverbal "busy signals" -- 5. Study 4: Selective nonverbal sensitivity-A facilitator of help seeking -- 6. Summary and conclusions -- 7. References -- Chapter 18. Some paradoxical status implications of helping and being helped / Sidney Rosen : 1. Introduction -- 2. The preexisting relationship as a situational moderator : 2.1. Preexisting peer and close relationships ; 2.2 Preexisting peer and close relationships -- 3. Self-esteem as a personal moderator -- 4. Some effects of efficacy- versus empathy-based helping on self-other evaluations -- 5. Further avenues for needed research -- 6. Conclusions -- Chapter 19. The darker side of helping: the social dynamics of helping and cooperation / Stephen Worchel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The interpersonal dynamics of helping -- 3. Power: a motive for helping -- 4. Learning to help -- 5. The psychology of receiving help -- 6. Power, helping, and intergroup relations -- 7. Cooperation: an alternative to helping -- 8. Helping, cooperation, and intergroup relations: and experimental examination -- 9. Results -- 10. The helping dilemma: some concluding remarks -- Chapter 20. Effects of donor-recipient relationships on recipients' reactions to aid / Arie Nadler and Jeffrey D. Fischer : 1. Introduction -- 2. Recipients' reactions to aid: theory and research : 2.1 Equity ; 2.2 Reactance ; 2.3 Attribution theories ; 2.4 Threat to self-esteem -- 3. Donor-recipient relations and recipients' reactions to aid : 3.1 Overall quality of donor-recipient relations ; 3.2 Donor-recipient similarity: the comparison stress in aid -- 4. Donor-recipient similarity and overall quality of relations : 4.1 An overall view ; 4.2 Toward integration ; 4.3 Links with past research and theory -- 5. Concluding remarks. Part V. Applications of knowledge about prosocial behavior : Introduction / Jerzy Karylowski and Daniel Bar-Tal -- Chapter 21. Enhancing prosocial behavior through cooperative learning in the classroom / Rachel Hertz-Lazarowitz and Shlomo Sharan : 1. Introduction : 1.1 The classroom: a social world of childhood ; 1.2 How do schools make a difference? ; 1.3 Conceptual overview of the group investigation model in cooperation learning -- 2. The small group teaching project in Israel : 2.1 Research design ; 2.2 Results -- 3. Conclusions and thoughts about future research -- Chapter 22. Community as target: a new perspective to research on prosocial behavior / Durganand Sinha : 1. Western perspective -- 2. Indian perspective -- Chapter 23. Bystander intervention in crimes: research and application / Leonard Bickman : 1. Introduction : 1.1 Victimization surveys ; 1.2 Experimentation ; 1.3 Hypothetical events -- 2. Citizen crime reporting projects (CCRPs) : 2.1 Research methodology ; 2.2 Analysis of project treatment of nonreporting ; 2.3 Conclusions -- Chapter 24. Learning to "give to unnamed strangers": the process of commitment to regular blood donation / Jane Allyn Piliavin, Dorcas E. Evans, and Peter Callero : 1. Introduction : 1.1 A general framework for the analysis of action ; 1.2 Development of motives that promote donation ; 1.3 neutralization of constraints against donation -- 2. The "blood, sweat, and fears" research project : 2.1 Empirical and theoretical foundations ; 2.2 The development of motives for donation and the neutralization of costs ; 2.3 Predicting behavioral commitment ; 2.4 Internal-external impetus donors and reported motives at first donation -- 3. Summary.