This book is an overview of neuroradiology and discusses the most important and common disorders of the brain, spine and head and neck regions.

Machine generated contents note: pt. 1 IMAGING PROTOCOLS AND GUIDELINES -- 1. CT Protocols -- Brain without Contrast -- Brain with Contrast Administration -- Deep Brain Stimulator Head Protocol -- Paranasal Sinus, Screening -- Paranasal Sinuses with Contrast -- Paranasal Sinuses, Preoperative for Computer Navigation -- Maxillofacial without Contrast -- Maxillofacial with IV Contrast -- Orbits -- Temporal Bones -- Neck -- CSF Leak -- Craniosynostosis -- Routine C-Spine -- Routine T/L-Spine -- CTA Head -- CTA Neck/Carotids -- CT Perfusion -- Pituitary Protocol -- 2. MRI Protocols -- Brain without and with Contrast -- Neonatal Brain -- Brain, Stroke -- Brain, Tumor -- Brain, Trauma -- Brain, Contrast Enhanced Perfusion -- Carotid Arteries, Neck -- Venogram, No Contrast -- Brain, Pulsatile Tinnitus -- Pituitary -- Neck, General -- Temporomandibular Joints -- Cervical Spine -- Thoracic Spine -- Lumbar Spine -- Brachial Plexus -- 3. Myelography Protocols -- General Guidelines Note continued: 4. Digital Subtraction Angiography Protocols -- General Guidelines -- 5. Sedation and Anxiolysis Protocols -- Conscious Sedation -- Anxiolysis -- 6. Medications in Neuroradiology -- Medications for Contrast Media Reactions -- Endotracheal Tubes -- Prevention of Contrast Reactions in Allergic Patients -- Management of Contrast Reactions -- Medications that may Affect the Performance of Invasive Procedures -- Medications (Generic Names) that may Lower Seizure Threshold -- Over-The-Counter Medications that Increase Bleeding Time -- CT Contrast Allergy -- Iodinated Contrast in Renal Insufficiency -- MR Contrast Administration in Adults (> 18 Years of Age) -- MR Contrast Administration in Children (<16 and> 2 Years of Age) -- Contrast Extravasation -- 7. Sample Dictations -- Normal Dictations -- MR Brain, Contrast Enhanced, Normal -- MR Brain, No Contrast, Normal -- MR Brain, Patient with Multiple Sclerosis -- MRA Circle of Willis, Normal Note continued: MR Spectroscopy, Normal -- MR Pituitary Gland, Normal (Remember to Dictate the Rest of Brain if Included as Part of the Examination) -- MR, Post Deep Brain Stimulator Placement, Normal -- MR, Cranial Nerve VIII, Normal -- MRA, Neck, Contrast Enhanced, Normal -- MRA, Neck, No Contrast, Normal -- MR, Cervical Spine, No Contrast, Normal -- MR, Cervical Spine, Contrast Enhanced, Normal -- MR, Thoracic Spine, No Contrast, Normal -- MR, Thoracic Spine, Contrast Enhanced, Normal -- MR, Lumbar Spine, No Contrast, Normal -- MR, Lumbar Spine, Contrast Enhanced, Normal -- MR, Lumbar Spine, Structured Report -- MR, Total Spine, Contrast Enhanced, Normal -- CT, Brain, No Contrast, Normal -- CT, Brain, Contrast Enhanced, Normal -- CTA, Brain, Normal -- CT, Head, Craniosynostosis (Absence of) -- CT, Face, No Contrast, Normal -- CT Face, Contrast Enhanced, Normal -- CT, Orbits, No Contrast, Normal -- CT, Orbits, Contrast Enhanced, Normal Note continued: CT, Paranasal Sinuses, No Contrast, Normal No Prior Surgery -- CT, Paranasal Sinuses, Contrast Enhanced, Normal -- CT, Paranasal Sinus, Post Surgery -- CT, Neck, Contrast Enhanced, Normal -- CTA, Neck, Normal -- CT, Temporal Bones, No Contrast, Normal -- CT, Cervical, Thoracic, and/or Lumbar Spine, No Contrast, Normal (Acute Trauma) -- Lumbar Puncture -- Lumbar Puncture for CSF Leak Study -- Lumbar Puncture for Opening Pressure Measurement -- Myelogram, Cervical, Normal (From Lumbar Approach) -- Myelogram, Lumbar, Normal -- Cerebral Angiogram, Normal -- Ultrasound, Head, Normal -- Ultrasound, Lower Spine, Normal -- pt. 2 IMAGING FUNDAMENTALS -- SECTION A BRAIN IMAGING -- 8. Trauma -- Skull Fractures -- Epidural Hematoma -- Subdural Hematoma and Hygroma -- Diffuse Axonal Injury and Intermediary Injuries -- Contusions -- Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage -- Child Abuse -- Pneumocephalus -- Arterial Dissection -- 9. Stroke Note continued: Acute (<24 Hours) Middle Cerebral Artery Infarct, Computed Tomography -- Acute (<24 Hours) Middle Cerebral Artery Infarct, Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Subacute (2 To 21 Days) Middle Cerebral Artery Infarct, Computed Tomography -- Subacute Infarction, Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Acute Anterior (ACA) and Posterior (PCA) Cerebral Artery Infarcts -- Lacunar Infarctions -- Watershed Cerebral Infarctions -- Hemorrhagic Infarct and Hemorrhagic Transformation -- Wallerian Degeneration -- Acute Cerebellar Infarct -- Basilar Artery Occlusion -- Generalized Brain Hypoxia/Ischemia -- Cortical Vein Thrombosis -- Deep Venous System Occlusion -- Venous Sinus Occlusion -- Corpus Callosum Infarctions -- Hypertensive Encephalopathy -- Cerebral Vasculitis -- Moyamoya -- Cadasil -- Stenosis, Extra-Cranial ICA -- Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD) -- 10. Nontraumatic Hemorrhage -- Acute Hypertensive Hemorrhages -- Cerebral Microhemorrhages -- Amyloidosis Note continued: Hemorrhage in the Premature Brain -- Periventricular Leukomalacia -- 11. Aneurysms -- Anterior Communicating (AComm) Artery Aneurysms -- Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms -- Middle Cerebral Artery Bifurcation Aneurysms -- Basilar Artery Tip Aneurysms -- Infratentorial Aneurysms -- Multiple Intracranial Aneurysms -- Giant Aneurysms -- Extradural Aneurysms (Pseudoaneurysms) -- Vasospasm (After SAH) -- 12. Vascular Malformations -- Arteriovenous Malformations -- Cavernous Malformations -- Developmental Venous Anomalies -- Capillary Telangiectasias -- Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas -- Carotid Artery-Cavernous Sinus Fistulas -- Vein of Galen Malformations -- 13. Extra-Axial Masses -- Meningioma -- Epidermoid -- Dermoid -- Lipoma -- Choroid Plexus Tumors -- Pituitary Adenoma -- Craniopharyngioma -- Pineal Gland Tumors -- Colloid Cyst -- Arachnoid Cyst -- 14. Intra-Axial Tumors -- Astrocytoma, Low Grade -- Anaplastic Astrocytoma -- Glioblastoma Note continued: Gliomatosis Cerebri -- Oligodendroglioma -- Ependymomas and Subependymomas -- Neuronal Tumors -- Metastases -- Lymphoma -- Pylocytic Astrocytoma -- Brain Stem Astrocytoma -- Medulloblastoma -- Ependymoma and Subependymoma -- Hemangioblastoma -- Dysplastic Cerebellar Gangliocytoma (Lhermitte-Duclos Disease) -- 15. Infections and Inflammations -- Meningitis (Uncomplicated) -- Meningitis, Complications -- Cerebral Pyogenic Abscess -- Viral Encephalitis -- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection -- Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy -- Toxoplasmosis -- Cryptococcus -- Tuberculosis -- Cysticercosis -- Sarcoidosis -- Multiple Sclerosis -- Neuromyelitis Optica -- Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) -- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease -- Rasmussen Encephalitis -- 16. Leukodystrophies -- Adrenoleukodystrophy -- Metachromatic Leukodystrophy -- Alexander Disease -- Canavan Disease -- Krabbe Disease -- Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease -- 17. Metabolic Disorders Note continued: Amino Acid Disorders -- Mucopolysaccharidoses -- Mitochondrial Disorders -- Wilson Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration) -- Wernicke Encephalopathy and other Alcohol-Related Disorders -- Cerebral Calcifications -- 18. Degenerative and Latrogenic Disorders -- Pantothenate Kinase Deficiency (Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome) -- Hippocampal Sclerosis -- Huntington Disease (Chorea) -- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- Alzheimer Disease -- Multisystem Atrophy -- Carbon Monoxide and Methanol Intoxication -- Radiation Injury -- Liver Insufficiency and Total Parenteral Nutrition -- Pontine and Extrapontine Osmotic Myelinolysis -- Hyperglycemia -- Intracranial Hypotension -- Pseudotumor Cerebri -- Postshunting Corpus Callosum Lesions -- 19. Congenital Malformations -- Aqueductal Stenosis -- Chiari Malformation Type I -- Chiari Malformation Type II -- Posterior (Occipital and/or Parietal) Encephaloceles -- Anterior Nasal Masses -- Dandy-Walker Complex Note continued: Joubert Syndrome -- Holoprosencephalies -- Agenesis of Corpus Callosum -- Septo-Optic Dysplasia -- Schizencephalies -- Agyria/Pachygyria Complex and Band Heterotopia -- Focal Gray Matter Heterotopias -- Cortical Dysplasias -- Craniosynostoses -- 20. Neurocutaneous Syndromes -- Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Astrocytomas and Neurofibromas -- Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Dysplastic Myelin -- Neurofibromatosis Types 1 and 2 Spine Abnormalities -- Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Schwannomas and Meningiomas -- Tuberous Sclerosis, Hamartomas -- Tuberous Sclerosis, Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma -- Von Hippel-Lindau Disease -- Sturge-Weber Syndrome -- Cowden Syndrome -- PHACE(S) Syndrome -- SECTION B SPINAL IMAGING -- 21. Degenerative Disease -- Annular Fissures -- Herniated Disc, Lumbar Spine -- Free Herniated Disc Fragment, Lumbar Spine -- Schmorl Nodes -- Herniated Disc, Cervical Spine -- Recurrent or Residual Herniated Discs and Scar -- Arachnoiditis Note continued: Enhancing Lumbar Nerve Root Related to Degenerative Disease (Other than Posttreatment Arachnoiditis) -- Facet Cysts -- Spondylolysis, Lumbar Spine -- Ossified Posterior Longitudinal Ligament -- Paget Disease -- 22. Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions -- Vertebral Metastases -- Spinal Cord and Leptomeningeal Metastases -- Spinal Cord Astrocytoma -- Spinal Cord Ependymoma -- Spinal Schwannoma and Meningioma -- Vertebral Body Hemangioma -- Aneurysmal Bone Cyst -- Osteoid Osteoma -- Eosinophilic Granuloma -- Chordoma -- Spinal Cord Cysts, Nonneoplastic -- Perineural (Tarlov) Cysts -- Epidural Lipomatosis -- Subacute Combined Degeneration -- 23. Vascular Disorders -- Spinal Cord Cavernous Malformation -- Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformations -- Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula -- Spinal Cord Infarction -- Spinal Epidural and Subdural Hematomas -- 24. Infection Inflammation -- Ankylosing Spondylitis (Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy) Note continued: Spondylitis and Discitis, Pyogenic -- Epidural and Subdural Abscesses and Phlegmon -- Tuberculosis -- Guillain-Barre Syndrome -- Hypertrophic Polyneuropathies -- Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 25. Trauma -- Occipitoatlanto Separation -- Jefferson Fracture -- Odontoid Fractures -- Hangman's Fracture -- Unilateral Facet Dislocation -- Bilateral Facet Dislocation -- Benign Compression Fractures -- Pathologic (Malignant) Compression Fractures -- Chance-Type Fractures -- Spinal Cord Contusion -- Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Hematoma and Transection -- Vertebral Artery Injury -- 26. Congenital Malformations -- Myelomeningocele and Myelocele -- Lipomyelomeningocele and Lipomyelocele -- Lipomas -- Dermoid and Epidermoid -- Diasteinatomyelia -- Caudal Agenesis (Regression) Syndrome -- 27. Brachial Plexus -- Trauma: Avulsion and Stretch Injuries -- Brachial Plexus Schwannomas -- Brachial Plexus Plexiform Neurofibromas -- Brachial Plexus, Fatty Tumors Note continued: Brachial Plexus Metastases -- Pancoast Tumor Involving the Brachial Plexus -- Vascular Injuries and the Brachial Plexus -- Viral and Idiopathic Plexitis -- Radiation-Induced Brachial Plexitis -- SECTION C HEAD AND NECK -- 28. Neck Masses -- Nasopharyngeal Masses -- Parapharyngeal Space Masses -- Parotid Space Masses -- Retropharyngeal Space Masses -- Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Space Masses -- Masticator Space Masses -- Buccal Space Masses -- Sublingual and Submandibular Space Masses -- Nodal Metastases -- Carotid Space Masses -- Laryngeal Masses -- Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma -- Paragangliomas (Skull Base) -- Hemangiomas -- Venolymphatic Malformations -- Brachial Cleft Cysts -- Thyroglossal Duct Cyst -- Thyroid Masses -- Sialolithiasis -- Tornwaldt Cyst -- Fissural Cysts -- 29. Sinonasal Cavities -- Choanal Narrowing -- Developmental Anomalies of the Ostiomeatal Complex -- Ostiomeatal Unit, Obstruction -- Mucous Retention Cysts -- Sinonasal Polyps Note continued: Acute (Uncomplicated) Sinusitis -- Fungal Sinusitis -- Paranasal Sinus Malignancy -- Mucocele -- Papilloma -- Fibro-Osseous Lesions of Sinonasal Cavities -- CSF Leaks -- Wegener Granulomatosis -- 30. Temporal Bone -- Temporal Bone Fractures -- Vestibular Schwannoma -- Facial Nerve Schwannoma -- Enlarged Endolymphatic Sac (Large Vestibular Aqueduct) Syndrome -- Bell Palsy -- Labyrinthitis Obliterans -- Glomus Tympanicum -- Vascular Anomalies and Variants, Middle Ear -- Cholesteatoma, Acquired (Secondary) -- Cholesterol Granuloma -- Otospongiosis -- 31. Orbits -- Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous -- Globe Calcifications -- Retinoblastoma (PNET-RB) -- Orbital Cavernous Hemangioma (Adult Type) -- Orbital Capillary Hemangiomas -- Orbital Lymphangioma -- Melanoma -- Lacrimal Gland Masses -- Orbital Dermoid -- Inflammatory Pseudotumor -- Graves Ophthalmopathy -- Orbital Cellulitis and Abscess -- Optic Neuritis -- Detachments and Effusions Note continued: Orbital Cavity Trauma -- Ocular Trauma -- Posttreatment Findings.