The future is now-this groundbreaking textbook illustrates how biotechnology has radically changed the way we think about health care.

Machine generated contents note: SECTION I The Biology behind the Technology -- 1. Fundamental Technologies -- Molecular Cloning -- Preparation of DNA for Cloning -- Insertion of Target DNA into a Plasmid Vector -- Transformation and Selection of Cloned DNA in a Bacterial Host -- Cloning Eukaryotic Genes -- Recombinational Cloning -- Genomic Libraries -- Amplification of DNA Using PCR -- DNA Sequencing Technologies -- Dideoxynucleotide Procedure -- Pyrosequencing -- Sequencing Using Reversible Chain Terminators -- Sequencing by Ligation -- Sequencing Whole Genomes -- Shotgun Cloning Strategy -- High-Throughput Next-Generation Sequencing Strategies -- Genomics -- Transcriptomics -- Proteomics -- Metabolomics -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- 2. Fundamental Concepts in Immunology -- The Immune Response -- Overview of Infection and Immunity -- Functions of the Immune System -- Innate Immunity -- Adaptive Immunity -- Cells of the Immune System: Cell-Mediated Immunity. Note continued: Bone Marrow Precursor Cells -- Myeloid Cells Mediate Innate Immunity -- Lymphocytes -- Antigen-Presenting Cells -- Effector Cells -- Tissues of the Immune System -- Peripheral Lymphoid Organs -- Lymphocyte Recirculation and Migration into Tissues -- Antigen Recognition by T Cells -- Humoral Immunity -- Structure of Immunoglobulins -- Functions of Immunoglobulins -- Types of Antibodies: Applications -- Polyclonal Antibodies -- Antisera -- Monoclonal Antibodies -- Recombinant Antibodies -- Immunological Techniques -- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay -- Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay -- Flow Cytometry -- Mass Cytometry -- Two-Photon Intravital Cell Imaging -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- 3. The Genetic Basis of Disease -- Chromosomal Disorders and Gene Mapping -- Chromosomes and Chromosome Abnormalities -- Human Genome Mapping -- Genome-Wide Association Studies -- Single-Gene Disorders -- Mode of Inheritance -- Thalassemia. Note continued: Sickle-Cell Anemia -- Hemophilia -- Cystic Fibrosis -- Tay-Sachs Disease -- Fragile X Syndrome -- Huntington Disease -- Polygenic Disorders and Gene Clustering -- GWAS Strategies To Map Genes for Polygenic Disease -- Breast Cancer -- Alzheimer Disease -- Type 1 Diabetes -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Mitochondrial Disorders -- Disorders -- Genetics -- Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Parkinson Disease -- Prevalence -- Diagnosis and Prognosis -- Treatment -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- 4. Immune Pathogenesis -- Models of Immune System Lesions -- Immunological Tolerance -- Failure of Immune Tolerance and Development of Autoimmune Disease -- Immune Surveillance against Tumors -- Immune Evasion by Tumors -- Inflammation and Immune Hypersensitivity Disorders -- Types of Inflammation and Associated Immune Hypersensitivity Reactions -- Immediate Hypersensitivity -- Therapy for Immediate Hypersensitivity. Note continued: Antibody- and Antigen-Antibody Complex-Induced Disease -- T-Cell-Mediated Diseases -- Immunodeficiency Disorders and Defects in Development of the Immune System -- Primary Immunodeficiencies -- Secondary Immunodeficiencies -- Aids -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- 5. Microbial Pathogenesis -- Introduction -- Bacterial Infections -- Attachment to Host Cells -- Invasion and Dissemination -- Evasion of Host Defenses and Proliferation -- Damage to Host Tissues -- Identification of Bacterial Virulence Factors -- Evolution of Bacterial Pathogens -- Treatment of Bacterial Infections -- Viral Infections -- Attachment and Entry -- Viral Gene Expression and Replication -- Virus Assembly and Release -- General Patterns of Viral Infections of Humans -- Targets for Treatment of Viral Infections -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- SECTION II Production of Therapeutic Agents -- 6. Modulation of Gene Expression. Note continued: Manipulating Gene Expression in Prokaryotes -- Promoters -- Translational Regulation -- Codon Usage -- Protein Stability -- Fusion Proteins -- Metabolic Load -- Chromosomal Integration -- Increasing Secretion -- Overcoming Oxygen Limitation -- Reducing Acetate -- Protein Folding -- Heterologous Protein Production in Eukaryotic Cells -- Eukaryotic Expression Systems -- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Expression Systems -- Other Yeast Expression Systems -- Baculovirus -- Insect Cell Expression Systems -- Mammalian Cell Expression Systems -- Directed Mutagenesis -- Oligonucleotide-Directed Mutagenesis with M13 DNA -- Oligonucleotide-Directed Mutagenesis with Plasmid DNA -- PCR-Amplified Oligonucleotide-Directed Mutagenesis -- Error-Prone PCR -- Random Mutagenesis -- DNA Shuffling -- Examples of Modified Proteins -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- 7. Genetic Engineering of Plants -- Plant Transformation with the Ti Plasmid of A. tumefaciens. Note continued: Physical Transfer of Genes to Plants -- Chloroplast Engineering -- Transient Gene Expression -- Molecular Pharming -- Therapeutic Agents -- Antibodies -- Edible Vaccines -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- SECTION III Diagnosing and Treating Human Disease -- 8. Molecular Diagnostics -- Immunological Approaches To Detect Protein Biomarkers of Disease -- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays -- Measuring Disease-Associated Proteins by Sandwich ELISA -- Diagnosing Autoimmune Diseases by an Indirect ELISA -- Immunoassays for Infectious Disease -- Protein Arrays To Detect Polygenic Diseases -- Immunoassays for Protein Conformation-Specific Disorders -- DNA-Based Approaches to Disease Diagnosis -- Hybridization Probes -- Allele-Specific Hybridization -- Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay -- Padlock Probes -- Allele-Specific PCR -- TaqMan PCR -- Real-Time PCR To Detect Infectious Disease. Note continued: Detection of Multiple Disease-Associated Mutations Using Microarrays -- Detection of Epigenetic Markers -- Detection of SNPs by Mass Spectrometry -- Detecting RNA Signatures of Disease -- Detection of Disease-Associated Changes in Gene Expression Using Microarrays -- Detection of RNA Signatures of Antibiotic Resistance in Human Pathogens -- Detection of miRNA Signatures of Cancers -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- 9. Protein Therapeutics -- Pharmaceuticals -- Interferon -- Human Growth Hormone -- Tumor Necrosis Factor -- Targeting Mitochondria -- Extending Protein Half-Life -- Engineered Bacteriophages -- Recombinant Antibodies -- Preventing Rejection of Transplanted Organs -- Hybrid Human -- Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies -- Human Monoclonal Antibodies -- Antibody Fragments -- Combinatorial Libraries of Antibody Fragments -- Anticancer Antibodies -- Antianthrax Antibodies -- Antiobesity Antibodies -- Enhanced Antibody Half-Life -- Enzymes. Note continued: DNasel -- Alginate Lyase -- Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase -- [alpha]1-Antitrypsin -- Glycosidases -- Lactic Acid Bacteria -- Interleukin-10 -- Leptin -- An HIV Inhibitor -- Insulin -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- 10. Nucleic Acid Therapeutic Agents and Human Gene Therapy -- Treating Genetic and Nongenetic Disorders -- Targeting Specific mRNAs and DNAs -- Antisense RNA -- Aptamers -- Ribozymes -- DNAzymes -- Interfering RNA -- Zinc Finger Nucleases -- Viral Delivery Systems -- Gammaretrovirus -- Lentivirus -- Adeno-Associated Virus -- Adenovirus -- Herpes Simplex Virus 1 -- Nonviral Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems -- Direct Injection -- Lipids -- Bacteria -- Dendrimers -- Antibodies -- Aptamers -- Transposons -- Prodrug Activation Therapy -- Gene Therapy -- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency -- Cancer -- Eye Disorders -- Muscle Disorders -- Neurological Disorders -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- 11. Vaccines. Note continued: Vaccination: Overview -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Current Vaccine Design -- Subunit Vaccines -- Herpes Simplex Virus -- Cholera -- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -- Staphylococcus aureus -- Human Papillomavirus -- Peptide Vaccines -- Malaria -- Cancer -- Autoimmune Disease -- Allergy -- Dendritic Cell Vaccines -- Human Immunodeficiency Virus -- Cancer -- DNA Vaccines -- Delivery and Immune Mechanisms of Action -- Advantages and Disadvantages -- Improved Efficacy and Immunogenicity -- Attenuated Vaccines -- Cholera -- Salmonella Species -- Leishmania Species -- Poliovirus -- Influenza Virus -- Dengue Virus -- Vector Vaccines -- Vaccines Directed against Viruses -- Vaccines Directed against Bacteria -- Bacteria as Antigen Delivery Systems -- Adjuvants -- Systems Biology and Evaluation of Vaccines -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References -- 12. Societal Issues -- Safety and Ethical Issues -- Regulation of New Drugs. Note continued: Regulation of Genetic and Genomic Testing -- Patenting Biotechnology -- Patenting -- Patenting in Different Countries -- Patenting DNA Sequences -- Patenting Living Organisms -- Patenting and Fundamental Research -- Economic Issues -- Summary -- Review Questions -- References.