During the U.S. Civil War, over 180,000 black men enlisted in the Union forces, some 30,000 serving in the Navy, while another 150,000 served as workers on labor, engineering, hospital and other military support projects. In July 1865, more than 123,000 of them were still in uniform, divided among about 150 regiments. As the army mustered out its veterans, black and white alike, its numbers were greatly reduced. This led to a complete military reorganization in 1866, which resulted in the formation of four regiments of black infantry and two of the Cavalry. That year, it became apparent that a strong military presence was required in the frontier country of Kansas, Indian Territory (Oklahoma), Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, as well as the Dakotas and Wyoming. These areas were polluted with Indians, land and cattle wars, murderous politicians, rustlers, and outlaws. Among the all-black regiments (all of whom were commanded white commissioned officers) were the Soldiers of the 38th Infantry Regiment. Soon after its formation the 38th, under the command of Gen. Winfield Hancock, was ordered to Kansas to repulse Indian attacks. In 1867, the regiment fought several battles with those adversaries. The regiment was then sent to New Mexico, to replace the all-white 135th Infantry, which had been transferred out. The 38th left New Mexico in 1869, and the state was without black Soldiers for six years....

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