It is important that military leaders attain a cultural understanding of their tactical operating environment. This paper will compare the historic invasions of the Soviet Union and the United States into Afghanistan, and to what extent the lack of cultural awareness by the invaders has led to repeated failures to dominate and control the region. The Soviet Union faced many of the same challenges that America faces today with regard to Afghanistan. They had no understanding of the principles of Pashtunwali and were unable to stem the flow of weapons and fighters. Eventually, when faced with the high loss of life, prolonged economic drain, and loss of support at from its citizens, the Soviets lost the will to continue. After a series of failed governmental heads, the Taliban soon moved in to claim victory.

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