The current emphasis from the National Security Strategy on Great Power Conflict has led to a focus on supporting Large Scale Combat Operations. However, doctrine does not reflect the rapid urbanization of populations throughout the world. Close Air Support during Large Scale Combat Operations is further complicated in the urban environment in terms of risks of fratricide and collateral damage. This monograph explores two case studies of Close Air Support to ground operations since 9/11. The conclusions from each case study are applied to combat in an urban environment and the doctrine which supports urban operations.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student-authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to these studies should include the foregoing statement.)