The US Army faces an array of threats in today's complex and chaotic environment; the most challenging may be a hybrid threat. To effectively address a hybrid threat, the Army must prepare for both LSCO and COIN operations and require commanders to skillfully employ operational art in both. The problem is that Army doctrine divorces LSCO and COIN operations. This project examines Roman operations during the Jewish and Bar Kokhba revolts. Research focuses on how the Roman Army successfully conducted operations against a hybrid threat. To address this, the monograph answers several questions: did the Roman Army successfully employ elements of operational art to achieve victory during the revolts, how did the Romans employ operation art, and how did the Romans prepare and fight military threats. The monograph determined the Romans achieved success by not differentiating between COIN and LSCO and incorporating aspects of both in the training, planning, and execution.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student-authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to these studies should include the foregoing statement.)