This monograph develops a theory that explains civil-military relationships throughout a wide range of interactions between a society and the society's military. The monograph uses this theory to explain the civil-military relationships in India and Pakistan. Both countries achieved their independence from Great Britain. They had culturally similar militaries and both countries faced tremendous stresses during their independence. However, in Pakistan the military became involved in civil governance, while in India, the military remained under civilian control. The case of India and Pakistan provides a comparative case study to examine why a military does or does not control a state and why a military remains in control or returns power to civilians.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student-authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to these studies should include the foregoing statement.)