Recent operations have demonstrated that units executing rapid yet protracted operations continue to experience significant problems in maintaining tempo. Whether attacking or defending, forces are likely to execute a passage of lines. This is particularly true in fluid and extended operations where the opportunity for extensive planning on a set-piece battlefield may not be the prevalent condition. With the publishing of FM 100-5 (June 93) and its emphasis on contingency operations in a joint and combined environment, the requirement for simplified and executable passages of lines according to an established system needs to be explored. This study examines the theoretical and doctrinal background of the importance of maintaining tempo in maneuver operations across the spectrum of conflict and conditions. Other crossing operations with standardized doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures (e.g. river crossings, breaches) are similar to passages of lines. The author studies an historical example of a failed passage using the evaluation criteria of simplicity, mass, synchronization, and versatility and revises the operation using proposed organizational and control procedures. The study concludes with several observations. First, there is a need for standardized procedures for passages of lines. This helps to deconflict potential problems in time-constrained operations, particularly when fighting joint and/or combined. Second, procedures are readily available within current established doctrine and are easily transferable to passage operations. Lastly, passages may be key to introducing new forces to the battlefield to prevent friendly culmination. Maintaining tempo and friendly initiative are key to facilitating maneuver and retaining the advantage over potential enemies.

ADA 289171 Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student-authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to these studies should include the foregoing statement.)