Accounting for religion and other cultural aspects of the operational environment continues to be a challenge for the United States military. The basis for this is scientific rationalism embedded in military problem solving processes. It is also a reflection of the US cultural preference to separate matters of government (conflict) from matter of faith and culture. The belief in this separation is largely a Western phenomenon and not universal. This monograph proposes that this American mindset inhibits the development of doctrine that addresses this phenomenon; therefore, it may prevent understanding of future operational environments. This is significant because according to The Joint Operational Environment (JOE), the World through 2030 and Beyond, by United States Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM), future conflicts are likely to be dominated by religious and cultural factors. Accordingly, this monograph asked a series of questions directly related to the subject. First, are religions and cultural variables relevant in modern operational environments? An examination of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, Soviet-Afghan War, and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) demonstrated that these variables were central to those conflicts. The examination reveals that one could gain a working understanding of the conflicts by examining secular aspects of the conflicts alone. However, when religious and cultural variables were added, a more complete understanding of the conflicts emerged. Second, having established that religion and culture were integral in modern conflict, the monograph then asks, "How well did doctrine provide for an understanding of these variables?" An examination of key Joint and Army doctrine that was in place prior to OIF revealed that while it acknowledged the importance of culture and religion it offered little in the way of practical guidance for how to obtain more than a superficial understanding of each. While pre-OIF doctrine did not adequately cover these topics, the recent addition of FM 3-24, Counterinsurgency as well as anticipated changes in forthcoming doctrine represent an encouraging trend reversal. However, much more is needed in order to prevent erroneous assessments of future operational environments. The third question asks, "What steps are necessary to account for religious and cultural factors in future operational environments?" The answer to this question is three-fold. The first is cognitive acceptance of these factors. We need to accept the idea that religion and culture are integral -- especially in modern operational environments. Second are doctrinal changes that provide practical guidance for how planners should account for religious and cultural factors. Finally, organizational changes are needed that can provide war fighters with relevant and practical expertise, such as that offered by anthropologists, theologians, sociologists, economists and the like.

ADA 470675 Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student-authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to these studies should include the foregoing statement.)