The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 ended the Cold War. This resulted in a change of the United States National Security Strategy from containment of communist aggression to engagement worldwide to protect national interests. "Global Meliorism," the aim to spread democracy endorses a strategy of engagement. Globalization, the process of accelerated economic, technological, cultural and political integration continues to bring citizens of all continents closer together. The result of the United States National Security Strategy, is the United States military involved worldwide implementing portions of the engagement strategy. Peacekeeping operations, humanitarian assistance and at times combat operations are conducted. A commonality in all these operations is United States officers and soldiers coordinating and interacting with host nation populaces, government and civil leaders, members of non-governmental agencies, soldiers of foreign armies (allied/coalition/host nation/militias) to accomplish an assigned mission. This monograph addresses the question are cross-cultural communication and cultural awareness necessary skills for United States Army officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers to successfully accomplish missions on future battlefields? Captain John J. Pershing and the United States Army during the Moro Campaign in the Philippines 1899-1903 and "Operation Uphold Democracy" in Haiti, 1994, are analyzed as pre and post war case studies. The use of cultural awareness and cross cultural communication positively and negatively by military forces, to accomplish the objectives of the operation are researched and presented. The monograph concludes that cross-cultural communication skills and cultural awareness were necessary in past military operations to enhance success. These skills will continue to be essential for military forces to employ in future operations to ensure successful mission accomplishment. The United States Institute for Peace, Special Report, 1999 outlining U.S. Army General Officers Agreement with the monograph conclusion is presented. The general officers recommendation for success in future military operations is outlined.

ADA 389824 Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student-authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to these studies should include the foregoing statement.)