In December 1995, the Dayton Peace Accords led to a US Army deployment to Bosnia for participation in a complex, multinational peace enforcement operation, Operation JOINT ENDEAVOR. Four heavy and one light divisions have served as the nucleus of Task Force Eagle, the US contingent of the Implementation Force (IFOR) and, later, the Stabilization Force (SFOR). This monograph examines the heavy division intelligence system in light of the experiences in Bosnia to assess its ability to support peace enforcement operations. It sets the stage for this examination by establishing the intelligence environment, identifying the differences between intelligence to support combat operations and intelligence to support sustained peace enforcement operations. It also addresses the specific intelligence requirements that resulted from the particular mission in Bosnia. With this background, the monograph examines the heavy division's intelligence system, assessing the utility of its equipment and its organization in peace enforcement operations. The result is an identification of the deficiencies in the division intelligence system and the required adaptation and augmentation for peace enforcement operations. The heavy division intelligence system currently has all source capabilities, and the planned replacements for legacy systems promise greater capabilities in more efficient systems. Division equipment complements the force projection expectation of US Army forces, and Bosnia showcased the division level intelligence system's ability to employ the principles of split-based operations, broadcast intelligence, and tactical tailoring. Nevertheless, tactical MI continues to be plagued with inadequate legacy systems and with an inadequate HUMINT capability. Without significant augmentation, the tactical force is not organically equipped to provide the intelligence support required in peace enforcement operations. The heavy divisions that served as the nucleus of TFE required considerable modification of and augmentation to their organic intelligence organizations, as well. The creation of several structures for collection, management, and analysis were the result of TFE's reliance on HUMINT and CI to satisfy its intelligence requirements. The peculiarities of the operation that required tracking peace accord provisions and making long-term assessments resulted in the creation of other structures within the division's Analysis and Control Element (ACE). To address the shortfalls in the heavy division's intelligence organization, TFE relied not only on internal restructuring, but also on considerable augmentation for manpower and for skills. Intelligence in peace enforcement has the same basic requirement as intelligence in combat: to provide information the commander needs to make decisions. The specific requirements are much different, though, and the heavy division intelligence system, designed to support combat operations, lacks the necessary equipment and organization.

ADA 381780 Approved for public release; Distribution is unlimited. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student-authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to these studies should include the foregoing statement.)