This paper makes a study, wherein are compared the relative advantages and disadvantages of systems whereby vacancies existing in a grade in the utility service are filled by the promotion in regular order, to the seniors of the next lower grade, as against systems whereby such vacancies are filled by the selection -- arbitrary or otherwise, of individuals of lower grade, irrespective of precaution in regard to seniority therein. By making the comparison, illustrates a general way the affect produced upon two sister services, composed of personnel of the same blood, breeding, and traditions at the same period, by the operation and effect on these services of the systems under consideration.

IR-71-1931 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.