Traces the development of new ideas in the Islamic world during the era of Western Europe's colonial expansion, 1789-1900. Modern Europe inherited from the Middle Ages a large and enduring body of ideas about Islam, which changed only gradually, as new and intimate relations were established with Islamic powers and cultures. The greatest change took place at the beginning of the eighteenth century. The French Revolution, romantic sentiment, and the beginning of modern imperialism played a large part, but still more important was the movement of men; of armies, administrators, scientists, travelers, merchants, missionaries, and technological experts. This movement of Western Europeans among Islamic peoples, with the consequent creation of new attitudes of mind, is the subject of this study. The civilisation of the Mediaeval West had been inferior to that of contemporary Islam; bt at some time during the Ottoman period the West equalled, then surpassed, Islam, in military and industrial technology, economic organisation, and the development of new thought. The new nations of the West thereby developed a consistently aggressive pattern of behaviour, and their penetration of the Muslim countries forced them to form new judgements. The first section of this book presents the situation as it had developed by the beginning of the imperial age, together with the nineteenth century background of imperial thought. The next section deals with the changes made in English and French thinking about Islam by the wars of the Revolution and Empire. There follows a group of studies in the concept of the Western civilising action in India, Africa, and Turkey. A separate section treats the classic age of imperialism at the end of the nineteenth century and there is a summing up of what conclusions seem possible. "Islam, Europe, and Empire," therefore provides a sequel to Dr. Daniel's "Islam and the West" (first published in 1960, and now in its third impression) which studies the formation of the European image of the Muslim world, in the Middle Ages.

Part one: Introduction -- The developing image -- The Mediaeval inheritance -- The Ottoman impact -- The Muslim religion -- The Nineteenth-century background -- The position of women -- Exoticism -- Part two: Revolution and empire (1789-1830) -- The beginnings of imperial relations -- The appearance of imperialism -- The eve of Revolution -- The first impact of the Revolution -- The shadow of General Bonaparte -- Bonaparte in Egypt -- Arab nationalism -- A note on Wahabism -- Tipu and Wellesley -- The colonial intention -- French opinion -- The European community of ideas -- Individual approaches -- Napoleon the Great: Britain and Turkey -- Diplomatic rivalries -- Selim III and Mahmud II -- The eastern provinces -- Napoleon the Great: Britain and Persia -- The First Earl of Minto and others -- French missions -- British missions -- Diplomatic aftermath -- After Napoleon: Turks and Greeks -- Partisanship -- Greek independence -- Conclusion -- Part three: Christian civilization (1800-1900) -- Christians in India -- The early missions -- Government neutrality and Christian progress -- The Muslims and the government -- Christians in Africa -- The first meeting with Islam -- Christian sentiment -- African slave-trade -- The Islamic impact upon Africa -- The civilizing mission -- Algiers and Afghanistan -- Christians in the Near East -- 'Improving' advice for the Ottoman world -- Part four: the high imperial age (1877-1900) -- Afghanistan, Tunis and the Bulgarian atrocities -- Arabi and Egypt -- First reactions -- Some considered opinions -- The Sudanese Mahdiya -- Early sympathy -- Propaganda for war -- The general impression -- Other African countries -- The imperial point of view -- Part five: conclusions -- A summing up -- A footnote on the twentieth century.