Front Cover -- Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy -- Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy: An Evidence-Based Review on Current Status and Future Perspectives -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - CANCER IMMUNOLOGY -- INNATE AND ADOPTIVE IMMUNITY -- ACTIVATING IMMUNE CELLS -- MATURE DCS -- CLASSICALLY ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES (M1) -- GRANULOCYTES -- B LYMPHOCYTES -- T HELPER LYMPHOCYTES -- CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES -- γδ T LYMPHOCYTES -- NATURAL KILLER T CELLS -- NATURAL KILLER CELLS -- INHIBITORY IMMUNE CELLS -- TOLEROGENIC DCS -- ALTERNATIVELY ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES (M2S) -- MYELOID-DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELLS -- REGULATORY T CELLS -- REGULATORY B CELLS -- IMMUNOEDITING HYPOTHESIS -- ELIMINATION -- Cells -- Interferons -- Perforin -- Tumor Cell Recognition -- EQUILIBRIUM -- ESCAPE -- Defects in Tumor Antigen Processing, Presentation, and Recognition -- Lack of Activating Mechanisms -- Inhibitory Mechanisms and Immunosuppressive State -- Resistant Tumor Cells -- REFERENCES -- 2 - IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN CANCER -- HISTORY -- APPROACHES OF CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY -- PASSIVE VERSUS ACTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY -- PASSIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR CANCER -- Cytokines -- Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) -- Adoptive Cell Therapy -- ACTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR CANCER -- Vaccines -- Peptide Vaccine -- Tumor Cell Vaccine -- Dendritic Cell Vaccine -- Genetic Vaccine -- Checkpoint Inhibitors -- Oncolytic Viruses -- MECHANISM-BASED IMMUNOTHERAPIES: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TUMOR CELLS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM -- TUMOR ANTIGEN EXPRESSION, RELEASE AND PRESENTATION -- T CELL PRIMING AND ACTIVATION -- TRAFFICKING AND INFILTRATION OF T CELLS TO TUMOR -- TUMOR CELL RECOGNITION AND EFFECTOR FUNCTION OF T CELLS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - VACCINES, ADJUVANTS, AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS -- DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION -- CANCER VACCINE -- PREVENTIVE CANCER VACCINE. THERAPEUTIC CANCER VACCINE -- ADJUVANTS -- NONSPECIFIC ADJUVANTS -- CYTOKINES AND CHEMOKINES -- STIMULATORS OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM -- C-type Lectin Receptor Ligands -- RIG-like Receptor Ligands -- Stimulator of Interferon Gene Ligands -- Toll like Receptor Ligands -- TLR2 Agonists -- TLR3 Agonists -- TLR4 Agonists -- TLR7 and TLR8 Agonists -- TLR9 Agonists -- Other Immunomodulatory Adjuvants -- Adjuvant Systems -- VECTORS AND DELIVERY SYSTEM -- ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION -- REFERENCES -- 4 - TUMOR ANTIGENS -- INTRODUCTION -- IDENTIFICATION OF TUMOR ANTIGENS -- OVEREXPRESSED PROTEINS AND MUTATED ANTIGENS IN TUMOR CELLS -- EPITOPE SPREADING -- TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS -- TUMOR-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS -- NEOANTIGENS -- GLYCOLIPIDS AND GLYCOPROTEINS AS ANTIGENS -- MONO-EPITOPE VERSUS POLY-EPITOPE ANTIGEN -- REFERENCES -- 5 - STRATEGY OF ALLOGENEIC AND AUTOLOGOUS CANCER VACCINES -- AUTOLOGOUS CANCER VACCINES -- IN VIVO STUDIES AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- ALLOGENEIC CANCER VACCINES -- IN VITRO/IN VIVO STUDIES AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - PERSONALIZED CANCER VACCINE -- INTRODUCTION ON PERSONALIZED MEDICINE -- PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN CANCER PATIENTS -- SCREENING OF CANCER -- CLASSIFICATION OF TUMORS -- TARGETED THERAPY AND USING PREDICTIVE BIOMARKERS -- SAFETY OF MEDICATION -- PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS -- NEOANTIGENS AND PERSONALIZED CANCER VACCINES -- PERSONALIZED CANCER VACCINES IN CLINICAL STUDIES -- WHOLE TUMOR CELL VACCINES -- PEPTIDE/PROTEIN-BASED VACCINE -- IMMUNE CELL-BASED VACCINES -- GENETIC-BASED VACCINE -- REFERENCES -- 7 - WHOLE TUMOR CELL VACCINE FOR CANCER -- TUMOR CELL LYSATES -- TUMOR-DERIVED EXOSOMES -- IRRADIATED GENE-MODIFIED TUMOR CELL VACCINE -- CLINICAL TRIALS -- APPROVED VACCINE -- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- OPTIMIZATION -- REFERENCES -- 8 - PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN VACCINES FOR CANCER -- PEPTIDE-BASED VACCINE. PROTEIN-BASED VACCINE -- MECHANISM OF ACTION -- CLINICAL TRIALS -- PEPTIDE-BASED VACCINE -- Gp100 -- BLP25 -- PROTEIN BASED VACCINE -- MAGE-A3 -- EGF-P64k -- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- OPTIMIZATION -- REFERENCES -- 9 - IMMUNE CELL VACCINE FOR CANCER -- IMMUNE CELL VACCINE -- MECHANISM OF ACTION -- CLINICAL TRIALS -- IMMATURE DENDRITIC CELLS PULSED WITH TUMOR CELL LYSATES -- MATURE DENDRITIC CELLS PULSED WITH TUMOR CELL LYSATES -- DENDRITIC CELLS LOADED WITH TUMOR-DERIVED RNA -- DENDRITIC CELLS PULSED WITH PEPTIDES -- DENDRITIC CELLS LOADED WITH TUMOR CELLS -- APPROVED VACCINE -- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- OPTIMIZATION -- REFERENCES -- 10 - GENETIC VACCINE FOR CANCER -- MECHANISM OF ACTION -- MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DNA VACCINES -- MECHANISM OF ACTION OF RNA VACCINES -- DNA VACCINE -- CLINICAL TRIALS -- DELIVERY, IMMUNOGENICITY AND IMMUNE RESPONSE -- ADVERSE EFFECTS -- RNA VACCINE -- CLINICAL TRIALS -- DELIVERY, IMMUNOGENICITY AND IMMUNE RESPONSE -- ADVERSE EFFECTS -- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES -- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DNA VACCINES -- ADVANTAGES OF RNA VACCINES -- OPTIMIZATION -- DNA VACCINE OPTIMIZATION -- RNA VACCINE OPTIMIZATION -- REFERENCES -- 11 - CANDIDATE CANCERS FOR VACCINATION -- VACCINES FOR PROSTATE CANCER -- VACCINES FOR MELANOMA -- VACCINES FOR LUNG CANCER -- VACCINES FOR COLORECTAL CANCER -- VACCINES FOR BREAST CANCER -- REFERENCES -- 12 - OBSTACLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC CANCER VACCINES -- TUMOR ANTIGENS -- TUMOR BURDEN -- CLINICAL RESPONSE VERSUS IMMUNE RESPONSE -- PRIOR TREATMENTS -- DESIGNING CLINICAL TRIALS -- REFERENCES -- 13 - COMBINATION THERAPY: CANCER VACCINES AND OTHER THERAPEUTICS -- CHEMOTHERAPY COMBINED WITH VACCINES -- RADIATION COMBINED WITH VACCINES -- TARGETED THERAPIES COMBINED WITH IMMUNOTHERAPY -- HORMONE THERAPY COMBINED WITH VACCINE. VACCINE COMBINED WITH OTHER IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC MODALITIES -- REFERENCES -- 14 - CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ON THERAPEUTIC CANCER VACCINES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- BASIC IMMUNOLOGY OF CANCER VACCINES -- APPROVED VACCINES -- NEOANTIGEN VACCINES -- PREVENTIVE CANCER VACCINE -- CONSIDERATIONS TO FULFILL AMBITIONS -- REFERENCES -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Back Cover.