Papers presented at the Seminar on Force in History, which was held at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N.J.

Introduction : The legend of the levaee en masse / Daniel Moran -- La patrie en danger : the French Revolution and the first levaee en masse / Alan Forrest -- The historiography of the levaee en masse of 1793 / Owen Connelly -- Arms and the concert : the nation in arms and the dilemmas of German liberalism / Daniel Moran -- American views of conscription and the German nation in arms in the Franco-Prussian War / John Whiteclay Chambers II -- Defining the enemy : war, law, and the levaee en masse from 1870 to 1945 / John Horne -- People's war : the German debate about a levaee en masse in October 1918 / Michael Geyer -- The levaee en masse from Russian empire to Soviet Union, 1874-1938 / Mark von Hagen -- From Jauresa to Mao : the levaee en masse in China / Arthur Waldron -- In lieu of the levaee en masse : mass mobilization in modern Vietnam / Greg Lockhart -- The Algerian war (1954-1962) : the inversion of the levaee en masse / Douglas Porch -- Looking backward : the people in arms and the transformation of war / Arthur Waldron.