This history deals with civilian usage in terms of individual employees; more specifically, direct-hire employees.

Unclassified. 86 pages. Text and 4 appendices. Reproduced.

Colonial Period through World War II (Colonial Military-Civilian Relationships; The Revolutionary War; War of 1812; The Calhoun Reforms; The Mexican War; The Civil War; The Frontier Army; The Spanish-American War; World War I; World War II) -- End of World War II to Present (Introduction; Post-World War II Army Strengths and Structure; Development of Civilian Substitution Policy; Substitution Coding of Positions in Mobilizations TOE and TD; Study of Civilian Substitution during Comprehensive Manpower Surveys of 1952; Beginning of Substitution Guidance for TD Units; Broad Spectrum Study of Substitution in TD Units; Operation TEAMMATE; Delineation of Military and Civilian Positions; Conversion in Sales Commissaries, Nonappropriated Fund Activities, and Enlisted Personal Staff; 6,000 Military-Civilian Conversion Plan-1962; DOD Project 6-1962, 1963; Optimum Military-Civilian Mix Studies - 1964; Personnel Utilization Studies - 1964, 1965; Military-Civilian Substitutability - 1964, 1965; Military Civilian Substitutability - 1965, 1966 -- Appendix A. Total Army Active Duty Military Personnel and Direct-Hire Civilian Employees, 1948-1965 -- Appendix B. Comparative Results of Personnel Utilization Studies - Fort Bragg, Fort Dix, and Fort Lee -- Appendix C. Congressional and GAO Interest -- Appendix D. Current Criteria.