pt. 1. Safety in the clinical environment. Section 1-1. Physical therapist and physical therapist assistant relationship : The collaborative path between the PT and the PTA ; PTA duties (as per the American Physical Therapy Association) ; The PTA's clinical considerations during interventions -- Section 1-2. Patient Communication : General recommendations for verbal communication ; Methods of effective patient communication ; Informed consent ; Methods of effective listening -- Section 1-3. Patient education : The PTA's responsibilities during patient education ; Patient education for patients/clients who have difficulty reading ; Patient/client education for older adults ; Patient education for patients/clients who have visual impairments ; Patient education for patients/clients who have hearing impairments ; Patient education for patients/clients who cannot speak English ; Basic requirements for the home exercise program ; Example of a home exercise program to improve upper body postural control -- Section 1-4. Patient confidentiality : Significance of patient confidentiality ; Situations when the patient's written authorization for release of medical information is required -- Section 1-5. Cultural competence : General methods to increase cultural competence ; Guidelines to cultural competence ; Religious beliefs and health concepts ; Intervention strategies considering cultural diversity -- Section 1-6. Infection control : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's recommended standard precautions ; CDC guidelines for airborne, droplet, and contact transmission-based precautions ; Occupational Safety and Health Administration's universal precautions recommendations ; Asepsis methods ; Types of nosocomial infections ; Infectious diseases -- Section 1-7. Domestic violence : How to recognize forms of domestic abuse ; Difficulties in identifying and helping victims of domestic violence ; Methods to overcome difficulties in identifying and helping victims of domestic violence ; Signs indicating a victim of domestic abuse ; Domestic abuse signs that need screening ; The Joint Commission's guidelines and goals for identifying victims of domestic violence -- Section 1-8. Patient safety during interventions : Vital signs normatives ; Patient emergency situations ; General signs and symptoms that warrant discontinuing physical therapy interventions ; Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia: high blood sugar of more than 200 mg/dL ; Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia: low blood sugar of less than 50 mg/dL ; Intervention precautions for patients with diabetes ; Signs and dymptoms of electrolyte disturbances: hyperkalemia (high potassium level in blood) ; Signs and symptoms of electrolyte disturbances: hypokalemia (low potassium level in blood) ; Signs and symptoms of electrolyte disturbances: hypernatremia (high sodium level in blood) ; Signs and symptoms of electrolyte disturbances: Hyponatremia (low sodium level in blood) ; Signs and symptoms of electrolyte disturbances: hypercalcemia (high calcium level in blood) ; Signs and symptoms of electrolyte disturbances: hypocalcemia (low calcium level in blood) ; Signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis: CO2 retention and impaired alveolar ventilation ; Signs and symptoms of respiratory alkalosis: low CO2 and alveolar hyperventilation ; Signs and symptoms of overhydration: excess of body fluid ; Signs and symptoms of dehydration: extreme decrease of body fluid ; Medications and patients' adverse reactions in the clinic ; Contraindications to and precautions for physical agents and modalities ; Acute care safety ; References. pt. 2. Clinical documentation. Section 2-1. Documentation guidelines : General documentation guidelines ; American Physical Therapy Association's documentation guidelines ; APTA's documentation guidelines on domestic violence -- Section 2-2. Documentation elements : Initial examination and evaluation elements : Patient history elements ; Progress report elements ; Discontinuation of physical therapy report elements ; Possible indications for patient's discontinuation of physical therapy -- Section 2-3. Daily/weekly SOAP note elements : Subjective data ; Strategies for writing subjective data ; Objective data ; Objective data guidelines ; Examples of impairments and related functional limitations ; Strategies for writing objective data ; Assessment data ; Strategies for writing assessment data ; Plan data ; Strategies for writing plan data ; Documentation tips ; Telephone referral documentation ; Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and documentation -- Section 2-4. Abbreviations and symbols frequently used in physical therapy : Abbreviations ; Symbols ; References. pt. 3. Musculoskeletal interventions. Section 3-1. Musculoskeletal data collection : Goniometry, joint measurements: body position, goniometer alignment, and normal range of motion degrees (per AAOS) ; Cervical and thoracolumbar range of motion normatives (per AAOS) ; Manual muscle testing: Grading system of Hislop and Montgomery ; Upper extremity manual muscle testing ; Finger and thumb manual muscle testing ; Lower extremity manual muscle testing ; Big toe and other toes manual muscle testing ; Myotomes testing ; Pain rating ; Deep tendon reflexes and grades ; Orthopedic special tests: shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand ; Orthopedic special tests: hip, knee, and ankle ; Common injuries of the brachial plexus ; Common muscle substitutions -- Section 3-2. Basic clinical impairments and functional limitations of common musculoskeletal conditions ; Clinical impairments and functional limitations of arthritic disorders ; Clinical impairments and functional limitations of other musculoskeletal conditions -- Section 3-3. Types of musculoskeletal interventions : Therapeutic exercises: indications and contraindications ; Relaxation exercises ; PNF exercises: diagonal patterns ; Closed kinetic chain exercises to increase weight-bearing control and sability -- Patient education topics related to the lumbar spine ; Abdominal strengthening exercises ; Exercise topics for the obstetric patient ; Physical agents and modalities: indications and applications ; Therapeutic massage application ; Orthotics ; Orthotic interventions ; Transtibial (below knee) prostheses ; Transfemoral (above knee) prostheses ; Prosthetics: levels of amputation ; Prosthetics: pressure-tolerant and pressure-sensitive areas ; Prosthetic interventions ; Phases of gait cycles ; Muscle activation patterns ; Common gait deviations: stance phase ; Common gait deviations: swing phase ; Gait training points ; Wheelchair measurements ; Wheelchair's postural support system ; Wheelchair training -- Section 3-4. Musculoskeletal intervention patterns : APTA's guide to physical therapist practice11: APTA's musculoskeletal intervention patterns ; Arthritic disorders: intervention patterns ; Tendonitis and bursitis: intervention patterns ; Strains, sprains, dislocations, and fractures: intervention patterns ; Thoracic outlet syndrome, adhesive capsulitis, low back disorders, plantar fasciitis, and arthroplasties: intervention patterns -- Section 3-5. Phases of tissue healing and clinical interventions : Tissue healing and interventions -- Section 3-6. Bones : Human skeleton ; Carpal bones ; Tarsal bones -- Section 3-7. Muscles: function, nerve, origin, insertion, and palpation : Pelvis and hip muscles ; Pelvis and hip muscles ; Knee muscles ; Ankle and foot muscles ; Shoulder muscles ; Elbow and forearm muscles ; Wrist, hand, and finger muscles ; Neck, trunk, and back muscles ; Thenar and hypothenar muscles ; References. pt. 4. Neurologic interventions. Section 4-1. Neurologic data collection : Patient arousal levels ; Memory and amnesia terms ; Ranchos Los Amigos levels of cognitive functioning ; Terms of cognitive-perceptual deficits ; Speech and communication functions and impairments ; Sensory function: dermatomes ; Motor function: tonal abnormalities ; Motor function: myotatic reflexes (stretch reflexes) ; Motor function: grading scale for muscle stretch reflex ; Motor function: Babinski's reflex ; Motor function: basal ganglia dysfunction characteristics ; Motor function: Characteristics of upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron lesions ; Motor function: coordination tests and scoring ; Motor function: balance tests and scoring ; Functional balance test: Berg balance scale ; Functional balance test: Performance-Oriented Assessment of Mobility I: POMA I (Tinetti) ; Functional balance test: timed get up and go test and normatives ; Motor deficits associated with cerebral vascular accident: abnormal synergy patterns ; Brunnstrom's spasticity patterns ; Motor deficits associated with cerebral vascular accident: Brunnstrom's stages of recovery ; Cerebral vascular accident: gait deficits ; Traumatic spinal cord injury: functional capabilities and assistance ; Traumatic spinal cord injury: mechanisms of injury ; Spinal cord injury syndromes ; Classification of spinal cord injury ; Classification of multiple sclerosis -- Section 4-2. Clinical impairments and functional limitations of neurologic conditions : Clinical impairments and functional limitations: cerebral vascular accident ; Clinical impairments and functional limitations: Parkinson's disease ; Clinical impairments and functional limitations: multiple sclerosis ; Clinical impairments and functional limitations: traumatic brain injury ; Clinical impairments and functional limitations: traumatic spinal cord injury ; Clinical impairments and functional limitations: Guillain-Barré syndrome (polyneuritis) ; Clinical impairments and functional limitations: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -- Section 4-3. Types of neurologic interventions : Motor function interventions: postural strategies to regain balance ; Motor function interventions: developmental motor skills (essential functional skills) ; Motor function interventions: restore movement and functional mobility (using developmental sequence postures) ; Motor function interventions: basic motor learning strategies ; Neurologic facilitation techniques ; PNF diagonal patterns ; Neurologic inhibition techniques ; Locomotion training ; Constraint-induced movement therapy as a form of functional training -- Section 4-4. Neurologic intervention patterns : APTA's guide to physical therapist practice: APTA's neuromuscular intervention patterns ; Intervention patterns: cerebral vascular accident : Intervention patterns: Parkinson's disease ; Intervention patterns: multiple sclerosis ; Intervention patterns: traumatic brain injury ; Intervention patterns: spinal cord injury ; Intervention patterns: Guillain-Barré syndrome ; Intervention patterns: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Recent advances in neurological physical therapy: virtual reality -- Section 4-5. Review of nervous system anatomy and physiology : Parts of the brain and their functions ; Cerebral hemispheres and their functions ; Spinal cord ; Ascending (sensory) tracts ; Descending (motor) tracts ; Autonomic nervous system ; Brain meninges and ventricles ; Role of cerebrospinal fluid ; Brain blood supply ; Muscle sensory receptors and their functions ; References. pt. 5. Cardiopulmonary interventions. Section 5-1. Cardiopulmonary data collection : Vital signs and normatives ; Abnormal breathing patterns ; Dyspnea grades ; Blood values and normatives ; Heart and lung sounds ; Sputum analysis ; Cardiopulmonary signs and symptoms ; Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) ; Cardiac cycle ; Cardiac terminology and normatives ; Pulmonary terminology and normatives ; Contraindications to exercise tolerance tests ; Termination criteria for exercise tolerance test ; Medical cardiac tests and procedures: left heart cardiac catheterization, echocardiogram, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty -- Section 5-2. Impairments caused by cardiopulmonary conditions : Coronary artery disease: impairments ; Congestive heart failure: impairments ; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impairments -- Chronic restrictive lung disease: impairments -- Section 5-3. Patient safety during cardiopulmonary interventions : Basic cardiac life support for adults ; Effects of medications in cardiac rehabilitation ; Bronchodilators commonly used in pulmonary rehabilitation ; Signs and symptoms that warrant discontinuing cardiac interventions -- Signs and symptoms that warrant changing or discontinuing interventions in pulmonary rehabilitation ; Postural drainage: possible complications and safety interventions during pulmonary rehabilitation ; Oxygen safety ; Cardiac safety rehabilitation guidelines after medical cardiac procedures ; Orthostatic hypotension in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation -- Section 5-4. Types of cardiopulmonary interventions : Target heart rate ; Patient education: rating of perceived exertion ; Metabolic equivalents and activities ; Patient education topics for cardiac disease ; Phases of cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction ; Prevention interventions for coronary artery disease ; Pulmonary interventions: terms related to postural drainage ; Postural drainage positions: indications, contraindications, and precautions ; Percussion and shaking techniques: indications, contraindications, and precautions ; Other interventions for pulmonary rehabilitation ; Examples of pulmonary exercises -- Section 5-5. Cardiopulmonary intervention patterns : APTA's guide to physical therapist practice: APTA's cardiopulmonary intervention patterns ; Coronary artery disease: intervention patterns ; Congestive heart failure: intervention patterns ; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: intervention patterns ; Chronic restrictive lung diseases, atelectasis, and pulmonary edema: intervention patterns -- Section 5-6. Review of cardiopulmonary system anatomy and physiology : Overview of the heart ; Arteries and veins of the body ; Overview of the coronary circulation (hemodynamics) ; Blood supply to the heart ; Overview of the electrical conduction of the heart ; Autonomic nervous system influences on the heart ; Overview of the pulmonary anatomy, Including the respiratory muscles ; References. pt. 6. Integumentary interventions. Section 6-1. Integumentary data collection : Burn classification ; Burn wound zones ; Rule of nines and Lund-Browder burn classifications ; Complications of burn injury ; Burn healing ; Normal physiology of wound healing ; Pressure ulcer staging ; Wound characteristics ; Wound closure ; Signs of potential wound infection ; Factors contributing to abnormal wound healing ; Arterial/venous insufficiency and ulcers ; Neuropathic ulcers (caused by diabetes) ; Classification of edema ; Grading of arterial pulses -- Terms related to integumentary lesions ; Other integumentary signs and symptoms -- Section 6-2. Clinical impairments and functional limitations of integumentary conditions : Clinical impairments and functional ; limitations in wounds/burns and ulcerations ; Integumentary conditions and impairments (not related to wounds, burns, and ulcerations) -- Section 6-3. Types of integumentary interventions : Burn rehabilitation interventions ; Elements to effect wound healing ; Integumentary patient education ; Patient education: skin care ; Patient education: foot care ; Wound cleansing methods ; Wound debridement methods ; Types of wound dressings ; Patient safety precautions during wound interventions ; Pressure ulcers and interventions ; Other integumentary interventions for lymphedema, edema, and wounds ; Immunocompromised patients and infection control -- Section 6-4. Integumentary intervention patterns :-- APTA's guide to physical therapist practice: APTA's integumentary intervention patterns ; Other integumentary intervention patterns (not related to wounds, burns, and ulcerations) -- Section 6-5. Wound documentation :-- Wound documentation elements -- Section 6-6. Review of integumentary system anatomy : Skin anatomy ; Sensory receptors location in the skin: identification of burn depth ; References. pt. 7. Geriatric interventions. Section 7-1. Geriatric data collection : Theories of aging ; Sleep patterns in older persons ; Factors contributing to malnutrition (protein deficiency) in older persons ; Risk factors for hypothermia in older persons -- Section 7-2. Age-related impairments, functional limitations, and suggestions for interventions : Muscular impairments, functional limitations, and suggestions for interventions ; Skeletal impairments, functional limitations, and suggestions for interventions ; Neurologic impairments, functional ;imitations, and suggestions for interventions ; Sensory visual impairments, functional limitations, and suggestions for interventions ; Sensory hearing impairments, functional limitations, and suggestions for interventions ; Vestibular and balance sensory impairments, functional limitations, and suggestions for interventions ; Somatosensory balance impairments, functional limitations, and suggestions for interventions ; Taste and smell impairments, functional limitations, and suggestions for interventions ; Cognitive impairments, functional limitations, and suggestions for interventions ; Cardiopulmonary system impairments, functional limitations, and suggestions for interventions ; Integumentary, gastrointestinal, and renal impairments ; Bladder impairments and interventions (for incontinence) -- Section 7-3. Geriatric disorders/diseases and intervention patterns : Osteoporosis: intervention goals ; Common geriatric fractures: interventions ; Degenerative joint disease: interventions ; Stroke and Parkinson's disease: interventions ; Cognitive disorders: intervention goals ; Cardiopulmonary disorders and diseases: intervention goals ; Integumentary conditions and diseases, and intervention goals for pressure ulcers ; Diabetes mellitus: intervention goals ; Immobility: intervention goals ;-- Falls: intervention goals -- Section 7-4. Reimbursement overview : Medicare reimbursement ; References. pt. 8. Pediatric interventions. Section 8-1. Pediatric data collection : Pediatric screening tests ; Infant reflexes and possible effects when reflexes persist ; Infant reflexes and possible effects when reflexes persist ; Impairments and functional limitations of tonic reflexes when reflexes persist ; Other reflexes and postural reactions ; Reflexes and developmental reactions of childhood ; Common surgical procedures for the hip in children ; Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis medications and possible side effects ; Scoliosis classification ; Common surgical procedures for scoliosis ; Types of developmental dysplasia of the hip in infancy ; Spina Bifida classification and functional skill levels ; Cerebral palsy classification ; Common causes of cerebral palsy ; Genetic disorders ; Osteogenesis imperfecta ; Slipped capital femoral epiphysis -- Section 8-2. Pediatric interventions : Screening for scoliosis ; Pediatric mobility interventions ; Pediatric orthotic interventions ; Other types of pediatric physical therapy interventions ; Pediatric wheelchair positioning components -- Section 8-3. Pediatric disorders and diseases: intervention patterns : Pediatric Spondyloarthropathies: intervention patterns ; Pediatric orthopedic disorders and diseases: intervention patterns ; Other pediatric disorders and diseases: intervention patterns ; References. pt. 9. Basic acute care physical therapy interventions. Section 9-1. Acute care physical therapy musculoskeletal/orthopedic interventions : Total knee arthroplasty ; Total hip arthroplasty ; Hip open-reduction internal fixation ; Total shoulder arthroplasty ; Spinal surgery procedures and precautions ; Types of fractures and surgical hardware ; Fractures of the pelvis ; Humeral fractures ; Hip fractures ; Foot and ankle fractures ; Postsurgical infections and medical procedures ; Major pharmacological agents used in musculoskeletal/orthopedic acute care -- Section 9-2. Acute care neurological interventions : Types of neurological impairments and physical therapy interventions in acute care ; Transient ischemic attack ; Cerebral vascular accident ; Cerebral vascular accident: impairments and interventions ; Post spinal cord injury: impairments ; Post spinal cord injury: physical therapy iInterventions ; Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism: impairments ; Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism: physical therapy interventions ; Traumatic brain injury: medical and physical therapy management ; Pharmacological agents used in neurologic acute care -- Section 9-3. Application of interventions to various acute care conditions: factors to consider : Significant factors for patients with endocrine diseases and disorders ; Significant factors for patients with gastrointestinal diseases and disorders ; Significant factors for patients with genitourinary diseases and disorders ; Significant factors for patients with oncological diseases and disorders ; References. Appendixes. A. Berg balance scale ; B. Functional balance test: performance-oriented assessment of mobility A (POMA I, Tinetti) : Tinetti functional mobility test for balance/gait ; Tinetti functional mobility test for balance/gait ; C. Patient education: Borg scale of rating of perceived exertion ; D. Skin care for lymphedema ; E. Patient education for skin care (for diabetes) ; F. Patient education for foot care (for diabetes).