The Army before the nation: foreign troops in Old Regime -- France -- Nationalizing the Army -- Foreign legions from the Old Regime to the Terror -- The limits of pragmatism: foreign soldiers and the Terror -- Constitutionalism and innovation: foreign troops under the Directory and the Consulate -- Revolutionary continuities: Napoleon's foreign troops -- Jews, soldiering, and citizenship in revolutionary and Napoleonic France -- Conclusion: Foreign soldiers and the revolutionary legacy -- Appendices -- A. Places of birth for troops in foreign regiments -- B. The foreign regiments in 1789.