Foreword / Philip Zimbardo -- Introduction : Setting the scene : the rise and coalescence of heroism science / Scott T. Allison, George R. Goethals, and Roderick M. Kramer -- Part I : Origins of heroism. 1. Attributes and applications of heroes : a brief history of lay and academic perspectives / Elaine L. Kinsella, Timothy D. Ritchie, and Eric R. Igou -- 2. Why heroism exists : evolutionary perspectives on extreme helping / Sara Kafashan, Adam Sparks, Amanda Rotella, and Pat Barclay -- 3. Adaptive foundations of heroism : social heuristics push advantageous everyday ethical behavior to heroic extremes / Gordon T. Kraft-Todd and David G. Rand -- 4. The evolution and neurobiology of heroism / Stephanie D. Preston -- 5. Character development and the emergence of heroic leadership : towards a relational developmental systems-based model / Kristina Schmid Callina, Richard M. Lerner, Ettya Fremont, Brian Burkhard, Danielle Stacey, and Shaobing Su -- 6. The moral character of heroes / Lawrence J. Walker -- 7. Why and how groups create moral heroes / Ari Decter-Frain, Ruth Vanstone, and Jeremy A. Frimer -- 8. The hero organism : advancing the embodiment of heroism thesis in the 21st century / Olivia Efthimiou -- Part II :Types of heroism. 9. Everyday heroes : determinants of moral courage / Anna Halmburger, Anna Baumert, and Manfred Schmitt -- 10. Heroism in times of crisis : understanding leadership during extreme events / Zeno e. franco -- 11. Holocaust heroes : heroic altruism of non-jewish moral exemplars in nazi europe / Stephanie Fagin-Jones -- 12. Heroism and wisdom in medicine / Margaret Plews-Ogan, Justine E. Owens, Natalie May, and Monika Ardelt -- 13. Deviant heroes and social heroism in everyday life : activists and artists / Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Michael Condren, and Izabela Lebuda -- 14. To become or not to become? : existential courage and the pursuit of desired identities / Roderick M. Kramer -- 15. Heroism in the networked society / Dana Klisanin -- 16. A training program in spiritually-oriented leadership : inner growth for outer change / Elsa Lau, Sarah B. Sherman, and Lisa Miller -- 17. Career development and a sense of calling : contexts for heroism / Bryan J. Dik, Adelyn B. Shimizu, and William O'Connor -- 18. Underdogs as heroes / Joseph A. Vandello, Nadav Goldschmied, and Kenneth Michniewicz -- 19. Whistleblowers as heroes : fostering "quiet" heroism in place of the heroic whistleblower stereotype / A J Brown -- Part III : Processes of heroism. 20. The hero's transformation / Scott T. Allison and George R. Goethals -- 21. Moral transformation : the paths to heroism, villainy, and victimhood / Amelia Goranson and Kurt Gray -- 22. The impact of heroism on heroes and observers : stories of elevation and personal change / Jeanne Nakamura and Laura Graham -- 23. Accidental and purposeful impediments to heroism / Craig D. Parks -- 24. Heroic empathy : the heart of leadership / Ronald H. Humphrey and Laural L. Adams -- 25. Heroic leaders and despotic tyrants : how power and status shape leadership / Anika Stuppy and Nicole L. Mead -- 26. The intersection of purpose and heroism : a study of exemplars / Kendall Cotton Bronk and Brian R. Riches -- 27. Heroism and the pursuit of meaning / Jeffrey D. Green, Daryl R. Van Tongeren, Athena H. Cairo, and Nao Hagiwara -- 28. Psychopathy and heroism : unresolved questions and future directions / Brett A. Murphy, Scott O. Lilienfeld, and Ashley L. Watts -- 29. The courage of one's moral convictions : exploring the two sides of heroism / Ronnie Janoff-Bulman and Prerana Bharadwaj -- Index.