"This report examines the role that land-based, multi-domain anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) forces can play in deterring or defeating aggression. The focus is primarily on aggression by China, but the report also examines the use of such forces against Russia and, briefly, against Iran. A discussion of the strategic context in the Asia-Pacific region (centered on China) and the Baltic Sea (centered on Russia) highlights growing Chinese and Russian A2/AD capabilities, as well as potential scenarios for conflict. With that context, the report argues that the United States and its allies can take two approaches to counter an adversary's A2 capabilities. The first is to defeat enemy forces, including their A2/AD capabilities, such as long-range and increasingly precise ballistic and cruise missiles. The second is to impose A2/AD challenges on enemies to raise the costs for aggression. Allies and partners could field a mix of anti-ship, anti-aircraft, and surface-to-surface fires when they feel sufficiently threatened to employ force in their own defense, while the United States could provide support and, potentially, reinforcements. The report focuses on the second of these approaches helping allies and partners develop A2/AD defenses. RAND estimates the costs of several options for land-based missile systems; provides some near-term force structure options for ground-based, multi-domain fires; and offers recommendations for the U.S. Army as part of a joint ground-based, multi-domain A2/AD force."--Publisher's description.

"Prepared for the United States Army."--Title page. "Prepared for the United States Army."

Introduction -- China in the Western Pacific : core interests and strategic intentions -- China-Japan relationship from Japan's standpoint -- China-Philippines relationship from Philippine's standpoint -- China-Taiwan relationship from Taiwan's standpoint --The Growing Chinese A2/AD threat and Blue A2/AD strategies and operational concepts to counter it -- Potential roles for U.S. Land-based fires in joint missions -- Recommendations, open questions, and next steps -- Figures and tables -- Abbreviations -- References.