"Hybrid irregular and conventional military operations are playing an increasingly prominent role in international conflict, exploited by countries such as Russia and Iran. The United States requires new approaches for exerting influence, filling the 'missing middle' -- between the limitations of distant strike and the costly, indefinite commitment of conventional forces -- to counter these increasing threats. Special warfare provides policymakers with an additional option that can help secure U.S. interests and manage risks. These campaigns stabilize a friendly state or destabilize a hostile regime by operating through and with local state or nonstate partners, rather than through unilateral U.S. action. Currently, there is no shared understanding of how special warfare campaigns should be designed and executed. This RAND study sought to fill this gap by (1) adapting conventional operational art to the unique characteristics of special warfare, (2) identifying the strategic advantages and risks associated with special warfare, (3) exploring how special warfare campaigns could be used to address challenges identified in strategic guidance, and (4) proposing a framework for military and civilian leaders to design and execute these campaigns. The research indicates that the U.S. Department of Defense should strengthen its special warfare planning capacity and culture, implement institutional reforms to facilitate unified action among relevant U.S. government agencies, and develop enhanced influence capabilities. An accompanying appendix volume provides additional context to supplement the analyses presented in this report"--Publisher's web site.

"RR-779-A"--Cover page 4. "Arroyo Center." "Prepared for the United States Army." "Arroyo Center." --Title page. "Prepared for the United States Army." --Title page.

Introduction -- Understanding special warfare -- Operational art in special warfare -- Organizing and planning constructs for special warfare -- Applications of special warfare operational art -- Conclusions and recommendations.