Pt. I. Italian and Chinese participation in PKOs : facts, figures, drivers, and mechanisms : A remarkable evolution : Italy's participation in PKOs : figures and trends -- China's participation in PKOs : figures and trends -- Reasons for Italy's active engagement in PKOs : political, cultural and moral implications -- What reasons lie behind the decision to work in a PKO? : the psycho-social motivations of Chinese troops and police forces-- Postmodern motivation and the morale of peacekeepers -- Peacekeeping decision making process and modality of financing in China -- Decision-making process and modalities of financing participation in PKOs : the Italian experience; Pt. II. Recent trends and challenges in peacekeeping operations : Italian and Chinese responses : Attitudes of China and Italy towards regional PKOs : are past differences becoming less relevant? -- Italy and China's commitment to Africa's peace and security architecture -- Mainstreaming gender issues and fighting against sexual exploitation and abuse in peacekeeping operations : what has been done so far by Italy and PRC? -- From peacekeeping to stabilization : the local counterparts' capabilities development paradigm -- Training the police component of PKOs : CoESPU, an Italian experience -- Training the civilian component : the European Union experience -- Keeping the peace at sea : Chinese and Italian practices in anti-piracy operations; PTt. III. The deployment of national contingents in PKOs : legal aspects under national and internationa law : The legal framework applicable to national military personnel deployed in peacekeeping operations : the Italian experience -- The legal framework applicable to national personnel deployed in UN peacekeeping operations : the Chinese experience -- Parliamentary involvement with military missions abroad : experiences in Europe -- Crimes committed by peacekeepers : immunity v. principles of criminal jurisdiction : a brief outline -- Responsibility under international law for human rights violations committed by UN peacekeepers : reconsidering issues of attribution.