Explores how European forts were adapted for the special needs of the North American frontier.

Introduction / Lawrence E. Babits -- Clash of empires / R. Scott Stephenson -- Forts on the frontier: adapting European military engineering to North America / James L. Hart -- Fort Prince George, South Carolina / Marshall W. Williams -- Fort Loudoun, Tennessee : defensive features and artifactual remains / Carl Kuttruff -- Fort dobbs, North Carolina: how documents and artifacts led to rebuilding the fort / Lawrence E. Babits -- Fort Loudoun, Virginia: a French and Indian War period fortification constructed by George Washington / Robert L. Jolley -- The Second Fort Vause: a crucial French and Indian War fort in the Roanoke Valley of Virginia / Kim A. McBride -- "To preserve the forts, and the families gathered into them": archaeology of Edwards's Fort, Capon Bridge, West Virginia / W. Stephen McBride -- Fort Loudoun: a provincial fort on the mid-eighteenth-century Pennsylvania frontier / Stephen G. Warfel -- Style wars in the wilderness: the colonial forts at Crown Point / Charles L. Fisher and Paul R. Huey -- Fort Frontenac, Kingston, Ontario, Canada / Susan M. Bazely -- Michilimackinac, a civilian fort / Lynn L. M. Evans -- War and the colonial frontier: Fort de Chartres in the Illinois country / David J. Keene -- Conclusion / Lawrence E. Babits.