Introduction: Identifying biological agents, characterizing events, attributing blame / Anne L. Clunan -- pt. 1. Case studies: The U.S. anthrax letters : a confirmed case of BW agent use / Leonard A. Cole -- The 1994 plague in western India : human ecology and the risks of misattribution / Ron Barrett -- The yellow rain affair : lessons from a discredited allegation / Matthew S. Meselson and Julian Perry Robinson -- "Yellow rain" biological warfare agent use : evidence and remaining questions / Rebecca Katz -- False allegations of U.S. biological weapons use during the Korean War / Milton Leitenberg -- Cuban allegations of U.S. biological warfare : false allegations and their impact on attribution / Raymond A. Zilinskas -- Imperial Japan's germ warfare : the suppression of evidence at the Tokyo War Crimes Trial, 1946-1948 / Jeanne Guillemin -- A quantitative overview of biological weapons : identification, characterization, and attribution / Gary Ackerman and Victor Asal -- pt. 2. Policy and scholarly implications: U.S. efforts to investigate and attribute the use of biological weapons / Elisa D. Harris -- A UK view on biological weapons attribution policies : the importance of strengthening norms against biological weapons / Graham S. Pearson -- Multilateral approaches to the investigation and attribution of biological weapons use / Jonathan B. Tucker -- Building information networks for bio-security / Anne L. Clunan -- Conclusion: the role of attribution in bio-security policy / Susan B. Martin, Anne L. Clunan.