Rome on the Euphrates and in Mesopotamia, c. 65 BC-c. AD 200 -- Palmyra and Rome from the mid-first century BC to the third century AD -- Roman military organization of the middle Euphrates in the third century AD -- Dura Europos on the middle Euphrates in the Parthian and Roman periods -- Conflict between Rome and Sasanian Persia involving the middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra, AD 224-258.