The context - - The problem: Israel, Zionism and the Jews - - The goal: an Islamic Palestinian state - - Sense of urgency: mass-immigration of Soviet Jews - - Hostility and isolation - - Means - - Self-image of Islam - - Inner enemy: the Palestinian Liberation Organisation - - Equality?: the Christian minority - - Ambiguity: attitude towards the West - - The Gulf War 1990/91 - - Ḥamās and the peace process - - The mass deportation of Islamists to South-Lebanon in December 1992 - - The surprise: the Declaration of Principles in September 1993 - - The massacre of Hebron, February 1994 - - Relation between Ḥamās and the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) - - Outlook - - Conclusion.