"Events in the Middle East have prompted many questions concerning the conflict between Islam and the European states which have, historically, been seen as a military and political challenge. Why has ideological politics triumphed in the Middle East? Why have attempts to form constitutional governments repeatedly failed in Islamic states?" "This new and authoritative account provides the historical analysis necessary for a clearer understanding of these questions." "In the nineteenth century Middle Eastern leaders believed that they could surmount the challenge posed by the European G̀reat Powers' by borrowing European weapons and technology, along with military and administrative organization, and, later, by adopting representative forms of government. These strategies proved a disappointment. The aftermath has been the establishment of military regimes, and an ideological style of politics, whether the ideology is nationalism or fundamentalism. This book describes and discusses the apparent success of ideological politics, and analyses its character."--Jacket.

"An Opus book"--Half t.p. "An Opus book"--Half title page.

Maps:. The Ottoman Empire in Asia, Egypt, and Persia in 1914. The Middle East after the First World War -- 1. The Legacy -- 2. The Modern World: Threat and Predicament -- 3. Constitutionalism and its Failure: I -- 4. Turkey after 1919: The Failure of Constitutionalism? -- 5. Constitutionalism and its Failure: II -- 6. The Triumph of Ideological Politics.