1. Introduction -- 2. The grammar-translation method -- 3. The direct method -- 4. The audio-lingual method -- 5. The silent way -- 6. Desuggestopedia -- 7. Community language learning -- 8. Total physical response -- 9. Communicative language teaching -- 10. Content-based instruction -- 11. Task-based language teaching -- 12. The political dimensions of language teaching and the participatory approach -- 13. Learning strategy training, cooperative learning, and multiple intelligences -- 14. Emerging uses of technology in language teaching and learning -- 15. Conclusion.