Race, class, and nineteenth-century popular music: the modinha, the lundu, and the maxixe -- The roda de choro: heart and soul of choro -- From the plantation to the city: the rise and development of early choro in Rio de Janeiro (1870-1920) -- From the terno to the regional: the professionalization of choro -- The velha guarda in the new Brazil: choro in the 1950s and 1960s -- The choro revival -- Contemporary choro -- Choro and the Brazilian classical tradition.