section I. Police and military dogs in the Twenty-first Century -- 1. Development of police and military dog functions -- Canine functions -- Canine behavior and the alert -- Dog and handler as a team -- Canine evidence -- Lack of judicial uniformity -- Economics of canine work -- Dangers of police work -- Military applications -- 2. Canine biology and behavior -- Genetics -- Canine DNA as evidence -- Canine olfaction -- Canine-human communication -- Sleep patterns -- section II. Tracking, trailing, and scent identification -- 3. History and judicial acceptance of tracking and trailing evidence -- Tracking evidence -- Qualifications of the handler -- Breeds appropriate for tracking -- Pedigree -- Kennel Club registration -- Bloodhound myth -- Training -- Reliability -- Period of reliability -- Weather conditions -- Records and certification -- Corroboration -- Jury instructions -- Appellate review -- 4. Scientific analysis of tracking, trailing, and scent identification / John J. Ensminger and Tadeusz Jezierski -- Human odor -- Odors of the trail -- Collecting scent and scent enhancement -- Contamination -- Research on tracking and trailing -- Judicial perspectives on scientific aspects of tracking -- 5. Tracking and trailing in criminal investigations and prosecutions -- Dogs at the crime scene -- Tracking from secondary locations -- Odors of multiple individuals -- Circumstances of the trail -- Scenting first to suspect -- Contamination of the trail -- Identifications -- 6. Judicial admissibility of scent lineup evidence -- Breeds for scent lineup work -- Training -- Training in Holland -- Handler's qualifications -- Accuracy rate -- Corroboration -- Jury instructions -- Judicial perspectives on scientific reliability of scent identifications -- Foreign judicial perspectives on scent identification -- 7. Scent lineups in criminal investigations and prosecutions / John J. Ensminger and Tadeusz Jezierski -- Beginning of formal identification procedures -- Scent lineups of people -- Cueing -- Scent matches -- Scientifically conducted scent lineups -- FBI use of Dutch processes -- Guidelines of professional organizations -- section III. Detection functions -- 8. Judicial admissibility of canine detection evidence -- Breed preferences -- Training -- Certification -- Reliability -- Handler as an expert -- Alerting -- Types of narcotic sniffs -- 9. Scientific issues in detection functions -- Recognition of illegal substances and secondary chemicals -- Cocaine -- Detection of cocaine on currency -- Methamphetamine -- Ecstasy -- Dogs compared to other technologies -- Scientific standards and detection evidence -- 10. Automobile sniffs -- Illinois v. Caballes -- Alerts during initial reason for the stop -- Alert outside a car providing probable cause for a search inside -- Alerts at secondary locations -- Sniffs at checkpoints, roadblocks, and prison entrances -- Sniffs of parked vehicles -- Inventory search after an arrest -- Consent in vehicle searches -- 11. Sniffs of luggage, transportation facilities, and hotels -- U.S. v. Place -- State constitutions and Place situations -- Reasons for investigatory stops -- Conduct of the sniff -- buses at immigration checkpoints -- Luggage lineups -- Delays for sniff -- Searches of passenger compartments of trains -- Consent to luggage searches -- Hotels and motels -- Cruise ships -- Private vessels -- Private airplanes -- 12. Mail and package sniffs -- Reasons for investigations of packages -- Postal inspections -- Package lineups -- Length of detention -- Multiple sniffs -- 13. Sniffs of storage areas, cargo, and commercial spaces -- Warehouse and storage locker sniffs -- Safe deposit boxes -- Cargo containers -- 14. Residential sniffs -- Sniffs in common areas of apartment buildings -- Yards of houses -- Front doors of houses -- Sniffs on military bases -- 15. Currency sniffs -- Unreasonably long seizures -- Evidentiary value of a dog's alert -- Reliability of dog questioned -- Sniffs where connection to drug trafficking was not established -- Currency sniffs -- 16. School sniffs / John J. Ensminger and L.E. Papet -- Sniffs of students -- Locker and parking lot sniffs -- Immunity -- 17. Explosives, landmines, and bioweapons detection / John J. Ensminger, John Grubbs, and L.E. Papet -- Training -- Requirements for handlers -- Reliability -- visual factors in explosives detection -- Working in freezing temperatures -- Certification -- Firearms detection -- Explosives alerts in case law -- Landmines -- Chemicals in landmines -- Remote mine detection dogs -- Improvised explosive devices -- Bioweapons detection -- Comparing dogs and explosives detection technology -- 18. Accelerant detection dogs -- Research on accelerant detection -- Dog outperforms technology on detecting gasoline -- Foundational elements for accelerant detection alerts -- Training -- Reliability -- Government standard -- Corroboration -- Canine alerts without laboratory verification -- 19. Cadaver dogs / John J. Ensminger, L.E. Papet -- Scientific aspects of cadaver dog work -- Elements of admissibility -- Training -- Handler qualification -- Circumstances of a search -- Helping get a confession -- Cold cases -- Interference by a police officer -- Corroboration -- Scent lineups with cadaver dogs -- Scenting tracking dogs from cadavers -- section IV. Apprehension and rescue functions -- 20. Suspect apprehension and bite issues -- Apprehension styles -- Breeds in apprehension work -- Training -- Deadly force -- Excessive force -- Circumstances of the apprehension -- Bites during struggles -- Bites of bystanders -- Sadistic police officers -- Crowd control -- Government policies -- Application of dog bite laws to police dogs -- Importance of gear in apprehension work -- 21. Search and rescue dogs -- Search and rescue work -- Training -- Clothing as distraction -- Certification -- Using dogs trained in other functions -- State laws on search and rescue and emergency service dogs -- Therapy dogs at disaster sites -- Appendix A. U.S. police canine associations -- Appendix C. Federal and State cases cited.