Charge to the Committee --12 -- Conclusions of Previous Veterans and Agent Orange Reports -- 13 -- Organization of this Report -- 18 -- 2 Evaluating the Evidence -- 20 -- Choice of Health Outcomes -- 20 -- Identification of Relevant Literature -- 20 -- Committee's Approach -- 22 -- Evaluation of the Evidence -- 25 -- 3 Toxicology -- 33 -- Highlights of Previous Reports -- 34 -- Toxicity Profile Update of 2,4-D -- 34 -- Toxicity Profile Update of 2,4,5-T -- 41 -- Toxicity Profile Update of Cacodylic Acid -- 41 -- Toxicity Profile Update of Picloram -- 43 -- Toxicity Profile Update of TCDD -- 44 -- Summary of Toxicity Profiles -- 88 -- Relevance to Human Health -- 93 -- 4 Epidemiology -- 118 -- Occupational Studies -- 120 -- Environmental Studies -- 129 -- Vietnam-Veteran Studies -- 134 -- 5 Exposure Assessment -- 165 -- Exposure Assessment for Epidemiology -- 165 -- Occupational Exposure to Herbicides and TCDD -- 169 -- Environmental Exposure to Herbicides and TCDD -- 177 -- Military Use of Herbicides in Vietnam -- 182 -- Exposure Assessment in Studies of Vietnam Veterans -- 186 -- 6 Cancer -- 201 -- Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers -- 203 -- Hepatobiliary Cancers -- 221 -- Oral, Nasal, and Pharyngeal Cancer -- 226 -- Laryngeal Cancer -- 230 -- Lung Cancer -- 234 -- Bone and Joint Cancer -- 242 -- Soft-Tissue Sarcomas -- 245 -- Skin Cancer-Melanoma -- 251 -- Skin Cancer-Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell (Non-melanoma) -- 261 -- Breast Cancer -- 265 -- Cancers of the Female Reproductive System -- 270 -- Prostate Cancer -- 275 -- Testicular Cancer -- 283 -- Urinary Bladder Cancer -- 286 -- Renal Cancer -- 292 -- Brain Tumors -- 296 -- Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma -- 303 -- Hodgkin's Disease -- 313 -- Multiple Myeloma -- 319 -- Leukemia -- 325 -- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia -- 334 -- 7 Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- 354 -- Birth Defects -- 355 -- Fertility -- 365 -- Spontaneous Abortion -- 372 -- Stillbirth, Neonatal Death, and Infant Death -- 378 -- Birthweight and Preterm Delivery -- 379 -- Childhood Cancer -- 383 -- Sex Ratio -- 389 -- 8 Neurologic Disorders -- 404 -- Neurobehavioral Disorders (Cognitive or Neuropsychiatric) -- 406 -- Movement Disorders -- 410 -- Peripheral Neuropathy -- 423 -- 9 Other Health Effects -- 436 -- Chloracne -- 437 -- Porphyria Cutanea Tarda -- 439 -- Respiratory Disorders -- 440 -- Immune System Disorders -- 443 -- Diabetes -- 448 -- Lipid and Lipoprotein Disorders -- 457 -- Gastrointestinal and Digestive Disease, Including Liver Toxicity -- 463 -- Circulatory Disorders -- 467 -- AL Amyloidosis -- 471 -- Endometriosis -- 473 -- Thyroid Homeostasis -- 478 -- 10 Research Recommendations -- 491 -- Vietnam Veteram Studies -- 491 -- Studies of Vietnamese -- 493 -- Other Research -- 493 -- A Epidemiologic Tables for Chapter 4 -- 495 -- B Agendas of Public Meetings -- 569 -- C International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) Codes for Cancers of Interest -- 571.